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Optimization of the Travelling Salesman Problem Using a New Hybrid Genetic Algorithm
Zakir Hussain Ahmed,Furat Fahad Altukhaim,Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar,Shakir Khan International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2024 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.24 No.3
The travelling salesman problem is very famous and very difficult combinatorial optimization problem that has several applications in operations research, computer science and industrial engineering. As the problem is difficult, finding its optimal solution is computationally very difficult. Thus, several researchers have developed heuristic/metaheuristic algorithms for finding heuristic solutions to the problem instances. In this present study, a new hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is suggested to find heuristic solution to the problem. In our HGA we used comprehensive sequential constructive crossover, adaptive mutation, 2-opt search and a new local search algorithm along with a replacement method, then executed our HGA on some standard TSPLIB problem instances, and finally, we compared our HGA with simple genetic algorithm and an existing state-of-the-art method. The experimental studies show the effectiveness of our proposed HGA for the problem.
Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem Using an Ant Colony System Algorithm
Zakir Hussain Ahmed,Majid Yousefikhoshbakht,Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar,Shakir Khan International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.2
The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is an important combinatorial optimization problem that is used in several engineering science branches and has drawn interest to several researchers and scientists. In this problem, a salesman from an arbitrary node, called the warehouse, starts moving and returns to the warehouse after visiting n clients, given that each client is visited only once. The objective in this problem is to find the route with the least cost to the salesman. In this study, a meta-based ant colony system algorithm (ACSA) is suggested to find solution to the TSP that does not use local pheromone update. This algorithm uses the global pheromone update and new heuristic information. Further, pheromone evaporation coefficients are used in search space of the problem as diversification. This modification allows the algorithm to escape local optimization points as much as possible. In addition, 3-opt local search is used as an intensification mechanism for more quality. The effectiveness of the suggested algorithm is assessed on a several standard problem instances. The results show the power of the suggested algorithm which could find quality solutions with a small gap, between obtained solution and optimal solution, of 1%. Additionally, the results in contrast with other algorithms show the appropriate quality of competitiveness of our proposed ACSA.
Congruences modulo powers of 2 for overpartition pairs into odd parts
Zakir Ahmed,Rupam Barman,Chiranjit Ray 대한수학회 2020 대한수학회지 Vol.57 No.2
We find congruences modulo $32$, $64$ and $128$ for the partition function $\overline{pp}_o(n)$, the number of overpartition pairs of $n$ into odd parts, with the aid of Ramamnujan's theta function identities and some known identities of $t_k(n)$, for $k=6, 7$, where $t_k(n)$ denotes the number of representations of $n$ as a sum of $k$ triangular numbers. We also find two Ramanujan-like congruences for $\overline{pp}_o(n)$ modulo $128$.
Zakir, Mohammad,Khanam, Safiya,Kazmi, Munawwar Husain Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical 2020 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.10 No.4
Sahdevi is an Indian herb commonly found in all part of the country in rainy season. It is adopted by Arabs due to its easy availability and various important pharmacological actions and uses. It is known by different vernaculars in different parts of the country such as Mahabala in Marathi, Sadodi in Gujrati, Kukseem in Bengali and in English it is called ash-colour fleabane or purple fleabane. The herb contains β-amyrin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, α-spinasterol, phenolic resin and potassium chloride etc. It contains Dafi'-i Hummiyat (antipyretic) Muqawwi-i Badan (general tonic) and Musaffī-i-Dam (blood purifier) actions and used for management of many disease conditions. It has been used for the management of chronic fevers like fever associated with tuberculosis. It is a priceless herb with important pharmacological action and can be used effectively in place of costly drugs.
Zakir, H.M.,Islam, Md. Mahidul,Hossain, Md. Sohrab Techno-Press 2016 Advances in environmental research Vol.5 No.2
The Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Tongi canal is situated on the north of the city, which connected the Turag river to the west and the Balu river to the east. A total of 26 water samples were collected from the canal to measure irrigation water quality on the basis of their trace metal and major ionic constituents. Trace metals concentrations in water samples were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The amount of Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb in water samples ranged from 0.01-0.80, trace-1.02, trace-0.054 and $0.43-0.64{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K, $HCO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $BO{_3}^{3-}$, $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in water samples were 45.32, 15.33, 151.65, 11.98, 516.06, 94.69, 0.33, 14.02 and $56.21{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. In respect of $HCO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and K contents, most of the water samples were found problematic for irrigation. In context of RSC and hardness, 96 and 92% of water samples were graded as unsuitable and hard class, respectively. The study concluded that Pb content in canal water was comparatively high, so it is desirable to take necessary initiative to minimize the contamination level and to monitor its concentration in water routinely.
Cancer Treatment Using Multiphoton Photodynamic Therapy
Zakir Hossain, S.M.,Golam Azam, S.M.,Enayetul Babar, S.M. The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2006 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.2 No.1
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a newly established treatment for solid tumors, involves the systemic administration of a tumor localizing photosensitizer that is only activated when exposed to light of appropriate wavelength. Photoactivation of photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen results in the formation of highly cytotoxic molecular species, which precipitates necrosis. PDT has now become a promising means for the treatment of cancer due to its specificity, relatively minimal side effects, and inexpensive. However, the application of PDT has been restricted to the treatment of superficial lesions or the use of interstitial light delivery. A single photon generally activates the photochemical reaction in traditional PDT. However the use of multi photon excitation, where two or more photons simultaneously excite a photosensitizer, allows for the use of wavelengths twice as long. Such wavelengths exhibit better transmittance through tissue and thereby deeper penetration is achieved. This paper will review theoretical principles of multi photon excitation, challenges associated with multi photon PDT and update the current and future role of multi photon PDT in cancer.
CONGRUENCES MODULO POWERS OF 2 FOR OVERPARTITION PAIRS INTO ODD PARTS
Ahmed, Zakir,Barman, Rupam,Ray, Chiranjit Korean Mathematical Society 2020 대한수학회지 Vol.57 No.2
We find congruences modulo 32, 64 and 128 for the partition function ${\overline{PP}_o}(n)$, the number of overpartition pairs of n into odd parts, with the aid of Ramamnujan's theta function identities and some known identities of t<sub>k</sub>(n), for k = 6, 7, where t<sub>k</sub>(n) denotes the number of representations of n as a sum of k triangular numbers. We also find two Ramanujan-like congruences for ${\overline{PP}_o}(n)$ modulo 128.
MD Zakir Ansari,Ghulamuddin Sofi,Hamiduddin,Haqeeq Ahmad,Rabia Basri,Abrar Alam 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2021 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.11 No.3
The chemical constitution of a drug has been accepted as an important basis for pharmacological action in Unani medicine. Various dosage forms have been developed on this concept, such as decoctions (Joshanda), infusions (Khesanda), extract (Rub / Usara), and syrup. Zarawand Mudaharaj (ZM.) / Aristolochia rotunda L. root was subjected to extraction process using Soxhlet’s apparatus by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to design the number of random runs of the extracts with variation in the factors of temperature, the concentration of ethanol in water, time for extraction, for optimizing and maximizing the yield concentration. The data obtained, was analyzed with regression equation and ANOVA two-way summary to interpret the interaction of the factors for yield maximization. Minitab version 18 was used to design and analyze data. Validation of the optimum conditions for maximum yield of the whole extract of ZM. Root was carried out by re-run of the extract using the optimized conditions. The maximum yield percentage thus obtained using RSM was 20.87% whereas using these optimum conditions 21.35 % yield was obtained thereby validating the method. The association between the response functions and the process variables was identified by a three-factor recorded Box-Behnken design. In the present study RSM is used because itis a cheap and affordable method to optimize maximum yield percentage which may be reliably used by researchers. The study set in the surface conditions for ZM. root extraction by the Soxhlet apparatus for maximizing the yield percentage.