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Hameed, Amir,Iqbal, Zafar,Asad, Shaheen,Mansoor, Shahid The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2014 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.30 No.4
Viral diseases have been a major limiting factor threating sustainable potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Pakistan. Surveys were conducted to serologically quantify the incidence of RNA viruses infecting potato; Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus M (PVM) and Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in two major potato cultivars (Desiree and Cardinal). The results suggest the prevalence of multiple viruses in all surveyed areas with PVY, PVS and PVX dominantly widespread with infection levels of up to 50% in some regions. Co-infections were detected with the highest incidence (15.5%) for PVX and PVS. Additionally the data showed a positive correlation between co-infecting viruses with significant increase in absorbance value (virus titre) for at least one of the virus in an infected plant and suggested a synergistic interaction. To test this hypothesis, glasshouse grown potato plants were challenged with multiple viruses and analyzed for systemic infections and symptomology studies. The results obtained conclude that multiple viral infections dramatically increase disease epidemics as compared to single infection and an effective resistance strategy in targeting multiple RNA viruses is required to save potato crop.
Zafar, Idrees,Tahir, Muhammad Akram,Hameed, Rizwan,Rashid, Khuram,Ju, Minkwan Techno-Press 2022 Advances in concrete construction Vol.13 No.1
Aluminosilicate materials as precursors are heterogenous in nature, consisting of inert and partially reactive portion, and have varying proportions depending upon source materials. It is essential to assess the reactivity of precursor prior to synthesize geopolymers. Moreover, reactivity may act as decisive factor for setting molar concentration of NaOH, curing temperature and setting proportion of different precursors. In this experimental work, the reactivities of two precursors, low calcium (fly ash (FA)) and high calcium (ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)), were assessed through the dissolution of aluminosilicate at (i) three molar concentrations (8, 12, and 16 M) of NaOH solution, (ii) 6 to 24 h dissolution time, and (iii) 20-100℃. Based on paratermeters influencing the reactivity, different proportions of ternary binders (two precursors and ordinary cement) were activated by the combined NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions with two alkaline activators to precursor ratios, to synthesize the geopolymer. Reactivity results revealed that GGBS was 20-30% more reactive than FA at 20℃, at all three molar concentrations, but its reactivity decreased by 32-46% with increasing temperature due to the high calcium content. Setting time of geopolymer paste was reduced by adding GGBS due to its fast reactivity. Both GGBS and cement promoted the formation of all types of gels (i.e., C-S-H, C-A-S-H, and N-A-S-H). As a result, it was found that a specified mixing proportion could be used to improve the compressive strength over 30 MPa at both the ambient and hot curing conditions.
Amir Hameed,Zafar Iqbal,Shaheen Asad,Shahid Mansoor 한국식물병리학회 2014 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.30 No.4
Viral diseases have been a major limiting factor threatingsustainable potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productionin Pakistan. Surveys were conducted to serologicallyquantify the incidence of RNA viruses infectingpotato; Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY),Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virusM (PVM) and Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in twomajor potato cultivars (Desiree and Cardinal). Theresults suggest the prevalence of multiple viruses in allsurveyed areas with PVY, PVS and PVX dominantlywidespread with infection levels of up to 50% in someregions. Co-infections were detected with the highestincidence (15.5%) for PVX and PVS. Additionally thedata showed a positive correlation between co-infectingviruses with significant increase in absorbance value(virus titre) for at least one of the virus in an infectedplant and suggested a synergistic interaction. To testthis hypothesis, glasshouse grown potato plants werechallenged with multiple viruses and analyzed for systemicinfections and symptomology studies. The resultsobtained conclude that multiple viral infections dramaticallyincrease disease epidemics as compared tosingle infection and an effective resistance strategy intargeting multiple RNA viruses is required to save po-tato crop.