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“カイザー訴追問題”と日本国内の諸動向 : ドイツの戦争責任と君主の裁きに対する民間の言説を中心として
横,島公司(Yokoshima, Kouji) 일본사학회 2020 일본역사연구 Vol.53 No.-
The Versailles Treaty was a watershed in the history of international laws. It on the one hand changed a meaning of war from “indiscriminate killing” to “illegal way of diplomacy”. On the other hand, it also provided a clause for prosecuting a monarch defeated in the war: its Clause 227 that stipulated prosecution of German Emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm II for his war responsibility for the First World War (hereinafter referred as Kaiser prosecution). This clause was sensational because it established a new rule in the international law to prosecute the head of state for the defeat, which later led to a notion of crimes against peace. Apart from the international context, “Kaiser prosecution” was a domestic issue of Japan, particularly related to the national constitution (国体). The Japan’s national authority concerned seriously that this issue would affect the nation negatively. This paper examines how Japanese intellectuals received, and argued, “Kaiser prosecution”, and how police forces responded to such popular argument over the monarch, thorough such primary documents as newspapers and magazines in the interwar period. As a result of this research, it shows that Japanese intellectuals supported the Clause 227 unexpectedly, even some criticizing Wilhelm II. Such an intellectual trend shows it was the first time for the nation to consider a concept of “war responsibility”. With these findings, this paper also argues that the police authorities did not regard as criminal Japanese intellectual’s disrespectful discourse against Kaiser Wilhelm II, as it hardly resorted to criminal investigation. On the appointment of a Japanese judge for Wilhelm’s case, importantly, Japanese intellectuals recommended a person both with enough knowledges of international laws and with a strong belief in Japan’s constitution. For them, Kaiser’s case would never lead to a denial of the monarch of Japan. Therefore, both Japanese authorities and intellectuals had unlearned an issue of war responsibility of monarch’s until the time Japan lost in 1945.
Togasaki, Norihiro,Yokoshima, Tokihiko,Oguma, Yasumasa,Osaka, Tetsuya The Korean Electrochemical Society 2021 Journal of electrochemical science and technology Vol.12 No.4
For a battery module where single cells are connected in series, the single cells should each have a similar state of charge (SOC) to prevent them from being exposed to an overcharge or over-discharge during charge-discharge cycling. To detect the existence of unbalanced SOC cells in a battery module, we propose a simple measurement method using a single-frequency response of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For a commercially available graphite/nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide lithium-ion cell, the cell impedance increases significantly below SOC20%, while the impedance in the medium SOC region (SOC20%-SOC80%) remains low with only minor changes. This impedance behavior is mostly due to the elementary processes of cathode reactions in the cell. Among the impedance values (Z, Z', Z"), the imaginary component of Z" regarding cathode reactions changes heavily as a function of SOC, in particular, when the EIS measurement is performed around 0.1 Hz. Thanks to the significant difference in the time constant of cathode reactions between ≤SOC10% and ≥SOC20%, a single-frequency EIS measurement enlarges the difference in impedance between balanced and unbalanced cells in the module and facilitates an ~80% improvement in the detection signal compared to results with conventional EIS measurements.
New Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Lithium-ion Batteries
Osaka, Tetsuya,Nara, Hiroki,Mukoyama, Daikichi,Yokoshima, Tokihiko The Korean Electrochemical Society 2013 Journal of electrochemical science and technology Vol.4 No.4
First of all, we express our deepest sympathies for the passing of Professor Su-Moon Park. In the present paper, an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which Professor Su-Moon Park also used frequently for the investigation of electroconducting polymer, is introduced as a recent evaluation tool for a commercially available lithium-ion battery (LIB). The paper surveys how to design equivalent circuits while explaining physical and chemical phenomena in the LIB and how to get more accurate impedance spectra with varying the measuring temperatures. Additionally, a square current EIS (SC-EIS) technique, which we have suggested, is introduced for the larger LIB system as a promising technique for the future.