Beneficial and adverse effects of toad venom, a traditional Oriental medicine

Xie Jing-Tian,Maleckar Spring A.,Yuan Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2002 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.2 No.1

Toad venom, 'Chan su' in Chinese and 'somso' in Korean, is a well-known traditional oriental medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of the toad. Formulations of toad venom have been widely applied in China, Japan, Korea and other oriental countries for a long time. It is often found in traditional Chinese formulations, such as Jiuxin (or Kyushin in Japan), Yixin, Huoxin, Shexiang baoxin wan, Lu shen wan and Laryngitis pills. According to a pharmaceutical chemistry study, toad venom contains multiple biological active substances, such as bufalin, resibufogenin and cinobufagin. Modern pharmacological studies indicated that toad venom has multiple pharmacological actions, including acting as a cardiotonic, antitumor local anesthetic effects, stimulates the respiratory center, vasopressor action, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects. Like other medications, toad venom also has certain toxicity and adverse effects, for example, inducing delayed afterdepolarization and triggered arrhythmia. The major chemical constituents, basic pharmacological actions and adverse reactions of toad venom are discussed in this article.

Examining the Economic Effects of Logistics Infrastructure: The Case of New Western Land-Sea Corridor in China

Xiangwei XIE(Xiangwei XIE),Jie PAN(Jie PAN),Jinjing ZHAO(Jinjing ZHAO),Miao SU(Miao SU) 한국유통과학회 2023 유통과학연구 Vol.21 No.8

Purpose: To examine the economic effects of logistics under the influence of policies. Research design, data and methodology: This study is the first to use the panel data of 31 provinces and municipalities in China from 2012 to 2021, and use the OLS and DID models to evaluate whether the New Western Land-Sea Corridor (NWLSC) has promoted the economic development of the regions along the corridor. Results: The NWLSC has stimulated local economic growth by promoting the development of transportation, postal, and telecommunications industries along the corridor. Further, considering the locational differences of the regions along the NWLSC, we examined the differences in economic effects between regions along the Yangtze River and those not along the Yangtze River under the background of NWLSC implementation. We found that waterway and airway transport located along the NWLSC and in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) region can significantly promote economic growth. However, for regions located along the NWLSC but not in the YREB region, the impact of roadway, railway, and airway transport in these regions on economic growth is more significant. Conclusions: This study has important reference value on how to use logistics to promote the economic and cross-border commerce development of landlocked countries or regions.

[Oral Session 1] STUDY OF AMPHOTERIC POLYACRYLAMIDE USED AS RETENTION AND DRAINAGE AIDS IN PAPERMAKING

Xie Lai-Su,Wang Hai-Yi,Chen Fu-Shan,Long Yan-Quan 한국펄프·종이공학회 1999 한국펄프종이학회 기타 간행물 Vol.- No.-

In this paper, a series of amphoteric polyacrylamide (PAM) with different molecular weight and charge were synthesized and used as retention and dewatering aids. Better products had been selected and tested under varied conditions. Effects of molecular weight, cationic charge density, degree of hydrolysis<br/> and other factors of PAM on retention and dewatering of papermaking were also considered. Finally, synthesized quaternary and tertiary ammonium amphoteric polyacrylamide were practised in paper mill trial.

[Oral Session 3] STUDIES OF DUAL COMPONENT AND MICROPARTICALE RETENTION SYSTEM IN PAPERMAKING ON DYNAMIC DRAINAGE CONDITION

Xie Lai-Su,Wang Hai-Yi,Chen Fu-Shan,Long Yan-Quan 한국펄프·종이공학회 1999 한국펄프종이학회 기타 간행물 Vol.- No.-

This paper dealt with effect of dual component and micropartical retention system on papermaking. First-pass retention under dynamic drainage condition was studied in neutral and alkaline papermaking system. Cationic starches, amphoteric starches and amphoteric polyacrylamide were added prior to high shear force, then anionic microparticle (colloidal silica or bentonite clay) were added. The system is found to be very useful to improve filler retention. For mitigating unfavorable effect of interfering sub-stances [I] , anionic trash catcher (ATC)such as p-DADMAC was tested in this study.

Is ginseng free from adverse effects?

Xie, Jing-Tian,Mehendale, Sangeeta R.,Maleckar, Spring A.,Yuan, Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2002 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.2 No.2

Ginseng is a perennial herb widely used in China, Japan, and Korea. It is also one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the U.S. Although it is generally considered safe to use, adverse effects associated with ginseng use have been reported. Inappropriate ginseng use, such as high dose administration, may cause insomnia, headaches, diarrhea, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine disorders. Other factors that may contribute to adverse effects of ginseng include the variety of ginseng species, variability in commercial ginseng preparations, and potential ginseng-drug interactions. To minimize adverse effects of ginseng, consumers should be advised to use it appropriately, and the herbal industry should try to provide standardized ginseng preparations.

The anti-hyperglycemic property of different ginseng partitions

Xie, Jing-Tian,Wang, Chong-Zhi,Kim, Stephen,Yuan, Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2005 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.5 No.1

Ginseng is a popular medicinal plant highly valued throughout the world. Asian ginseng is one of the most common species of ginseng. It has long occupied a significant position in oriental medicine and has been justified its name as the 'king herb'. As a nutritional supplement, ginseng is an extremely common and popular herbal medicine in the United States and Canada in recent decades. The multiple constituents of ginseng possess equally multifaceted pharmacological actions as demonstrated by numerous studies. Ginseng root and its constituents influenced the central nervous system, endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal system, sexual, renal organ and immune system, etc. One important action is its anti-hyperglycemic effect. Previous studies on ginseng demonstrate that only the root of ginseng has been used in the treatment of diabetes, while the other parts of ginseng plant were always neglected. Recently, we analyzed the constituents of ginseng berry, leaf and discovered that ginseng berry, leaf extracts and its total ginsenosides have the ability to reduce hyperglycemia and body weight and increase the peripheral glucose utilization in obese or diabetic ob/ob or db/db mice. Our data suggest that all parts of ginseng plant, including root, berry, leaf and stem exhibit potent anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obese effects and may provide an opportunity to develop a novel class of anti-diabetic agents.

Constituents and Effects of Ginseng Leaf

Xie, Jing-Tian,Wu, Ji-An,Lin, Elaine,Wang, Chong-Zhi,Yuan, Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2004 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.4 No.1

Ginseng root has been used as a tonic remedy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries. Modern studies have demonstrated that ginseng root has complex components and multiple pharmacological properties. The effects of ginseng leaf, however, are not well known. Recent studies show that compared to ginseng root, ginseng leaf and stem exhibit a higher content of active compositions such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, triterpene flavonoids, volatile oil, polyacetylenic alcohols, peptides, amino acids and fatty acids. Ginseng leaf possesses multiple pharmacological effects in the central nervous, cardiovascular, growth and metabolism systems. Additionally, the leaf has anti-fatigue, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant, and anti-aged effects. In general, ginseng leaf is quite safe, but adverse effects may occur if it is abused or is of poor quality. Thus, attention must be paid to dosages, quality, and standardization of ginseng leaf products.

Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy and Concurrent Weekly Paclitaxel in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Xie, Cong-Ying,Jin, Xian-Ce,Deng, Xia,Xue, Sheng-Liu,Jing, Zhao,Su, Hua-Fang,Wu, Shi-Xiu Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.12

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of simultaneous accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) and concurrent weekly paclitaxel in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Forty-one patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated by SMART with concurrent weekly paclitaxel. Daily fraction doses of 2.5 Gy and 2.0 Gy were prescribed to the gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) to a total dose of 70 Gy and 56 Gy, respectively. Paclitaxel of $45mg/m^2$ was administered concurrently with radiation therapy every week. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given four weeks after the completion of the radiotherapy (RT) if the tumor demonstrated only a partial response (PR). Results: All patients completed the radiotherapy (RT) course. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 12 patients due to PR. The CR (complete remission) rate was 82.9% three months after RT. Thirty-nine (95.1%) patients completed the concurrent weekly chemotherapy with paclitaxel, and two patients skipped their sixth course. Seven patients had a 15% dosage reduction at the fifth and sixth course due to grade 3 mucositis. The median follow-up was 30 (range, 14-42) months. The three-year overall survival (OS), metastases-free survival (MFS), and local control rates were 77.0%, 64.4%, and 97.6%, respectively. No correlation between survival rate and T or N stage was observed. Grade 3 acute mucositis and xerostomia were present in 17.1% and 7.1%, respectively. Conclusion: SMART with concurrent weekly paclitaxel is a potentially effective and toxicity tolerable approach in the treatment of locally advanced NPC.

TR4 nuclear receptor functions as a fatty acid sensor to modulate CD36 expression and foam cell formation.

Xie, Shaozhen,Lee, Yi-Fen,Kim, Eungseok,Chen, Lu-Min,Ni, Jing,Fang, Lei-Ya,Liu, Su,Lin, Shin-Jen,Abe, Jun-Ichi,Berk, Bradford,Ho, Feng-Ming,Chang, Chawnshang National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.32

<P>Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily with diverse physiological functions. Using TR4 knockout (TR4(-/-)) mice to study its function in cardiovascular diseases, we found reduced cluster of differentiation (CD)36 expression with reduced foam cell formation in TR4(-/-) mice. Mechanistic dissection suggests that TR4 induces CD36 protein and mRNA expression via a transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, we found this TR4-mediated CD36 transactivation can be further enhanced by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as omega-3 and -6 fatty acids, and their metabolites such as 15-hydroxyeico-satetraonic acid (15-HETE) and 13-hydroxy octa-deca dieonic acid (13-HODE) and thiazolidinedione (TZD)-rosiglitazone. Both electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that TR4 binds to the TR4 response element located on the CD36 5'-promoter region for the induction of CD36 expression. Stably transfected TR4-siRNA or functional TR4 cDNA in the RAW264.7 macrophage cells resulted in either decreased or increased CD36 expression with decreased or increased foam cell formation. Restoring functional CD36 cDNA in the TR4 knockdown macrophage cells reversed the decreased foam cell formation. Together, these results reveal an important signaling pathway controlling CD36-mediated foam cell formation/cardiovascular diseases, and findings that TR4 transactivation can be activated via its ligands/activators, such as PUFA metabolites and TZD, may provide a platform to screen new drug(s) to battle the metabolism syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.</P>

Molecular Classification and Characterization of Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma through DNA Microarray

Xie, Hongjian,Eun, Jung-Woo,Noh, Ji-Heon,Jeong, Kwang-Wha,Kim, Jung-Kyu,Kim, Su-Young,Lee, Sug-Hyung,Park, Won-Sang,Yoo, Nam-Jin,Lee, Jung-Young,Nam, Suk-Woo The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2007 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.3 No.3

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) is a major tumor type of gastric cancers and subdivides into several different tumors such as papillary, tubular mucinous, signet-ring cell and adenosquamous carcinoma according to histopatholigical determination. In other hand, GA is also subdivided into intestinal and diffuse type of adenocarcinoma by the Lauren?fs classification. In this study, we have examined differential gene expression pattern analysis of three histologically different GAs of 24 samples by using DNA microarray containing approximately 19000 genetic elements. The hierarchical clustering analysis of 24 gastric adenocarcinomas (12 of intestinal type, 7 of diffuse type and 5 of mixed type) resulted in two major subgroup on dendrogram, and two subgroups included most of intestinal and diffused type of GAs respectively. Supervised analysis of 19 intestinal and diffuse type GAs by using Wilcoxon rank T-test (P<0.01) resulted in 100 outlier genes which exactly separated intestinal and diffuse type of GA by differential gene expression. In conclusion, genome-wide analysis of gene expression of GAs suggested that GAs may subclassify as intestinal and diffused type of GA by their characteristic molecular expression. Our results also provide large-scale genetic elements which reflect molecular differences of intestinal and diffuse type of GAs, and this may facilitate to understand different molecular carcinogenesis of gastric cancer.