http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Transformation of Collective Agricultural Production in East Germany and Its Lessons to North Korea
( Axel Wolz ),( Tae Jin Kwon ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2004 Journal of Rural Development Vol.27 No.1
This paper aims to summarize the main steps and experiences of the agricultural transformation process in Germany since 1989 when the Eastern part of the country embarked on a transition from a socialist central-planning economy to a market economic system. At some stages it is referred to the transformation process of other countries, in general of Central and Eastern Europe (CEEC). The paper will outline the major steps and consequences of agricultural transformation. A gradual approach of agricultural transformation and adjustment to a market economic system should be adopted and a big bang avoided for North Korea. In a market economy system the government has to give up any role to guide and manage the economy including the agricultural sector. However, it has to provide a sound legal framework which ensures the rights and obligations of private individuals and companies in a fair manner. In addition, while the state is converting the economy from a planning to a market economic system, it has to support the people to get used to this new system over a transitional period.
( Axel Wolz ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2012 농촌경제 Vol.35 No.2
With the collapse of the socialist regime in East Germany in late 1989 and the rising political call for unification in early 1990, a radical and abrupt change of the institutional structure became necessary. The (agricultural) administration had to be totally restructured. This included not only substance, functions and tasks which had to be adjusted, similar to all other transition economies, to the market-economic and pluralistic democratic system, but also the whole administrative set-up had to be re-established in line with the West German system (territorial re-organization). Hence, a new administrative system had to be built up from scratch, while simultaneously the socialist one had to be dismantled in a very short period. However, different to other transition economies, there had been strong support from the West in re-organizing the administrative set-up. Overall, this institutional change seems to have been accomplished successfully as billions of Deutsch Marks could be processed by the agricultural administration in 1990 in order to avoid an imminent collapse of the agricultural sector. In addition, the organizations representing the agricultural pop- ulation had to be re-organized. The re-organization of the German Farmers` Union is of special prominence as both German parts were representing completely different agricultural systems. This is the only important organization at national level where East Germans could stay in decision-making positions after unification which had severe repercussions when shaping transformation policies affecting the agricultural sector during the 1990s.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alters cell wall glycosylation to evade immunity
Gerlach, David,Guo, Yinglan,De Castro, Cristina,Kim, Sun-Hwa,Schlatterer, Katja,Xu, Fei-Fei,Pereira, Claney,Seeberger, Peter H.,Ali, Sara,Codé,e, Jeroen,Sirisarn, Wanchat,Schulte, Berit,Wolz, Ch Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2018 Nature Vol.563 No.7733