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Son, Ho-Jin,Han, Won-Sik,Wee, Kyung-Ryang,Chun, Ji-Yun,Choi, Kyu-Bum,Han, Su Jung,Kwon, Soon-Nam,Ko, Jaejung,Lee, Chongmok,Kang, Sang Ook WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 European journal of inorganic chemistry Vol.2009 No.11
<P>A series of four-coordinate boron compounds of the type N,O-(OPh<SUP>OxZ</SUP>ArX)BPh<SUB>2</SUB> or N,O-(OPh<SUP>OxZ</SUP>NPh<SUB>2</SUB>)BPh<SUB>2</SUB> (5a–g) has been prepared by treating triphenylboron (TPB) with2-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)-4-X-arylphenols(HOPh<SUP>OxZ</SUP>ArX; 4a–f) or 2-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)-4-(4-diphenylamino)phenol (HOPh<SUP>OxZ</SUP>NPh<SUB>2</SUB>; 4g). A systematic change in the electronic structures is achieved in these compounds by incorporating electron-withdrawing (EW) and -donating (ED) groups [ArX (X = 4-cyano-, 2,4-difluoro-, 4-chloro-, phenyl, 4-methoxy-, and 4-dimethylaminophenyl) or NPh<SUB>2</SUB>] at the 4-position of the phenoxide. The absorption and emission maxima of the ED groups show a significant red-shift compared to those observed in the EW groups. This red-shift suggests that π-conjugation is effectively extended over the arylphenoxides and oxazoline moiety once the boron center has been plugged into the corresponding ligands. The gradual decrease observed in the bandgaps on going from EW to ED groups is found to be in agreement with the increase in oxidation potentials determined by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. In particular, a Hammet plot between the EW and ED substituents and oxidation potentials confirms the ground state electronic perturbation. Such alterations are attributed mainly to an elevation of the energy levels of the HOMOs), as further confirmed by a series of theoretical calculations on the frontier orbitals of each system. The ED group (-NPh<SUB>2</SUB>) substituted compound 5g shows a bipolar character due to intramolecular charge transfer in the complex, with the highest photoluminescence quantum yield being obtained in toluene. This new boron complex was found to function as an emitter in electroluminescence (EL) devices, with a maximum brightness of 2905 cd/m<SUP>2</SUP> at 13 V and a current efficiency of 1.63 cd/A at 6 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, with a turn-on voltage of 4.3 V.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>A series of electron-push and -pull aryl-substituted oxazolylphenolate ligands is synthesized and used to prepare boron compounds. The photophysical properties of these boron compounds are evaluated,and the corresponding EL properties studied through device fabrication by using them as emitting materials in a multilayer device. <img src='wiley_img/14341948-2009-2009-11-EJIC200900017-fig000.gif' alt='wiley_img/14341948-2009-2009-11-EJIC200900017-fig000'> </P>
Son, Jino,Lee, Yun-Sik,Kim, Yongeun,Wee, June,Ko, Euna,Cho, Kijong Korean Society of Environmental Biology 2019 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.37 No.3
The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of zinc in collembolan Paronychiurus kimi at the individual (survival and juvenile production) and population (population growth and age structure) levels after 28 days of exposure in artificially spiked soil. These toxic effects were interpreted in conjunction with the internal zinc concentrations in P. kimi. The EC<sub>50</sub> value for juvenile production based on the total zinc concentration was 457 mg Zn kg<sup>-1</sup> dry soil, while the LC<sub>50</sub> value for adult survival and r<sub>i</sub>=0 value for population growth were within the same order of magnitude (2,623 and 1,637 mg Zn kg<sup>-1</sup> dry soil, respectively). Significant differences in adult survival, juvenile production, and population growth compared with the control group were found at concentrations of 1,500, 375, and 375 mg Zn kg<sup>-1</sup> dry or higher, respectively, whereas significant differences in the age structure, determined by the proportion of each age group in the population, were observed in all treatment groups. It appeared that the internal zinc level in P. kimi was regulated to some extent at soil zinc concentrations of ≤375 mg Zn kg<sup>-1</sup> dry soil, but not at high soil zinc concentrations. These results indicate that, despite zinc being regulated by P. kimi, excess zinc exceeding the regulatory capacity of P. kimi can trigger changes in the responses at the individual and population levels. Given that population dynamics are affected not only by individual level but also by population level endpoints, it is concluded that the toxic effects of pollutants should be assessed at various levels.
Son, Ho-Jin,Han, Won-Sik,Wee, Kyung Ryang,Lee, Su-Hyun,Hwang, Ah-Reum,Kwon, Soonnam,Cho, Dae Won,Suh, Il-Hwan,Kang, Sang Ook The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.19 No.47
<p>Two 2,5-bipyridyl substituted 1,1′-silanylene unit cyclized siloles with 1,1-silacyclopentyl- or 1,1-silacyclohexyl groups (<B>3-Cy5</B> and <B>3-Cy6</B>) were prepared from the intramolecular reductive cyclization of silacycloalkyl bis(phenylethynyl)silane with lithium naphthalenide and a a subsequent Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Non-cyclized bipyridyl substituted dimethylsilole, 2,5-bis(2′,2′′-dipyridin-6-yl)-1,1-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylsilacyclopentadiene (<B>PyPySPyPy</B>), was also synthesized for comparison. All three siloles were characterized by X-ray structural studies. The results showed that the major contribution of three dimensional ordering found in crystal packing originated from distinctive intermolecular C–H⋯π interactions within the distance range 3.30–3.65 Å. Even higher ordering was apparent in the crystal packing due to the additional plane-to-plane packing interactions between the peripheral bipyridyl units in cyclized siloles, <B>3-Cy5</B> and <B>3-Cy6</B>. In accordance with such an increase in the peripheral intermolecular interactions, <B>3-Cy5</B> and <B>3-Cy6</B> exhibited higher <I>T</I><SUB>g</SUB> values (95 and 86 °C, respectively) than the acyclic analogue, <B>PyPySPyPy</B> (77 °C). In particular, <B>3-Cy5</B> showed a higher electron mobility of 6.9 × 10<SUP>−4</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> at <I>E</I> = 0.581 MV cm<SUP>−1</SUP> in the solid films. As a result, enhanced OLED performance was observed when <B>3-Cy5</B> was used as an electron transporting layer in the multilayered device structure of ITO/PEDOT·PSS/NPB/Alq<SUB>3</SUB>/<B>3-Cy5</B>/LiF/Al, showing a maximum luminance of 17430 cd m<SUP>−2</SUP> at 11.5 V and a current efficiency of 4.52 cd A<SUP>−1</SUP> at 69.4 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> with a turn-on voltage of 2.6 V.</p> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Cyclization of 1,1′-silanylene unit at the central silicon atom produced a series of new types of electron transporting materials. <img src='http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/JM/2009/b915214h/b915214h-ga.gif'> </P>
Jino Son,Yun-Sik Lee,Yongeun Kim,June Wee,Euna Ko,Kijong Cho 한국환경생물학회 2019 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.37 No.3
The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of zinc in collembolan Paronychiurus kimi at the individual (survival and juvenile production) and population (population growth and age structure) levels after 28 days of exposure in artificially spiked soil. These toxic effects were interpreted in conjunction with the internal zinc concentrations in P. kimi. The EC50 value for juvenile production based on the total zinc concentration was 457 mg Zn kg-1 dry soil, while the LC50 value for adult survival and ri=0 value for population growth were within the same order of magnitude (2,623 and 1,637 mg Zn kg-1 dry soil, respectively). Significant differences in adult survival, juvenile production, and population growth compared with the control group were found at concentrations of 1,500, 375, and 375 mg Zn kg-1 dry or higher, respectively, whereas significant differences in the age structure, determined by the proportion of each age group in the population, were observed in all treatment groups. It appeared that the internal zinc level in P. kimi was regulated to some extent at soil zinc concentrations of ≤375 mg Zn kg-1 dry soil, but not at high soil zinc concentrations. These results indicate that, despite zinc being regulated by P. kimi, excess zinc exceeding the regulatory capacity of P. kimi can trigger changes in the responses at the individual and population levels. Given that population dynamics are affected not only by individual level but also by population level endpoints, it is concluded that the toxic effects of pollutants should be assessed at various levels.
Habitat preference of the two Collembola in the temperate forests in Korea
Yun-Sik Lee,June Wee,Jino Son,Yougeun Kim,Kijong Cho 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.04
In this study, Folsomia octoculata and Folsomia quadrioculata which is common and representative Collembola species in temperate forests of Korea, were selected as potential bioindicator species. Through three years of survey of the density of the two Folsomia species and environmental factors of the sampling sites, the distribution and habitat preference of the two Folsomia species was investigated. The habitats of the two species were highly distinguished, mainly due to differences in preference for temperature, organic matter content, pH, available phosphorus. In addition, these two-species showed different preferences for vegetation. F. quadrioculata and F. octoculata were mainly found in habitat which Quercus and Pinus sp. live, respectively. This is because the distributions of two tree species are the result of interaction with temperature, available phosphoric acid, and soil organic matter content.
June Wee,Yun-Sik Lee,Jino Son,YongeunKim,Hyoung-ho Mo,Kijong Cho 한국응용곤충학회 2017 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.04
Estimating compensation payment for environmental damages by chemical accidents has been controversial because accurate quantification of damages of chemical accident is so complicated and there is lack of scientific studies about impact of chemical accidents. In this study, for supporting chemical accidents compensation criteria, the 7 days acute and 28 days chronic toxicity test was conducted with 4 major chemical accident substances (Sulfuric acid, Nitric acid, Methanol and Methylethylketone) according to the OECD 232 guidelines. Methylethylketone was most toxic chemical followed by methanol, nitric acid and surfuric acid. Further study of comparison between pH and chemical effects was needed.