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Venkatramanan, S,Chung, S Y,Rajesh, R,Lee, S Y,Ramkumar, T,Prasanna, M V Ecomed 2015 Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol.22 No.15
<P>This research aimed at developing comprehensive assessments of physicochemical quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes at Dalcheon in Ulsan City, Korea. The mean concentration of major ions represented as follows: Ca (94.3 mg/L)?>?Mg (41.7 mg/L)?>?Na (19.2 mg/L)?>?K (3.2 mg/L) for cations and SO4 (351 mg/L)?>?HCO3 (169 mg/L)?>?Cl (19 mg/L) for anions. Thematic maps for physicochemical parameters of groundwater were prepared, classified, weighted, and integrated in GIS method with fuzzy logic. The maps exhibited that suitable zone of drinking and irrigation purpose occupied in SE, NE, and NW sectors. The undesirable zone of drinking purpose was observed in SW and central parts and that of irrigation was in the western part of the study area. This was influenced by improperly treated effluents from an abandoned iron ore mine, irrigation, and domestic fields. By grouping analysis, groundwater types were classified into Ca(HCO3)2, (Ca,Mg)Cl2, and CaCl2, and CaHCO3 was the most predominant type. Grouping analysis also showed three types of irrigation water such as C1S1, C1S2, and C1S3. C1S3 type of high salinity to low sodium hazard was the most dominant in the study area. Equilibrium processes elucidated the groundwater samples were in the saturated to undersaturated condition with respect to aragonite, calcite, dolomite, and gypsum due to precipitation and deposition processes. Cluster analysis suggested that high contents of SO4 and HCO3 with low Cl was related with water-rock interactions and along with mining impact. This study showed that the effluents discharged from mining waste was the main sources of groundwater quality deterioration.</P>
Venkatramanan, S.,Chung, S. Y.,Selvam, S.,Lee, S. Y.,Elzain, H. E. Springer 2017 Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol. No.
<P>The hydrogeochemical processes and fuzzy GIS techniques were used to evaluate the groundwater quality in the Yeonjegu district of Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. The highest concentrations of major ions were mainly related to the local geology. The seawater intrusion into the river water and municipal contaminants were secondary contamination sources of groundwater in the study area. Factor analysis represented the contamination sources of the mineral dissolution of the host rocks and domestic influences. The Gibbs plot exhibited that the major ions were derived from the rock weathering condition. Piper's trilinear diagram showed that the groundwater quality was classified into five types of CaHCO3, NaHCO3, NaCl, CaCl2, and CaSO4 types in that order. The ionic relationship and the saturation mineral index of the ions indicated that the evaporation, dissolution, and precipitation processes controlled the groundwater chemistry. The fuzzy GIS map showed that highly contaminated groundwater occurred in the northeastern and the central parts and that the groundwater of medium quality appeared in most parts of the study area. It suggested that the groundwater quality of the study area was influenced by local geology, seawater intrusion, and municipal contaminants. This research clearly demonstrated that the geochemical analyses and fuzzy GIS method were very useful to identify the contaminant sources and the location of good groundwater quality.</P>
Venkatramanan, Senapathi,Chung, Sang Yong,Kim, Tae Hyung,Kim, Byung-Woo,Selvam, Sekar Springer-Verlag 2016 Environmental Earth Sciences Vol.75 No.11
<P>Miryang City has high seasonal variations in precipitation and small number of surface reservoirs. It uses much groundwater for living and irrigation purposes. This study delineates the characteristics and the controlling factors of groundwater contamination using multivariate statistical analyses and kriging method. GIS spatial maps showed that groundwater contamination was occurred mainly in the central and southern areas and partly in the southwestern and northern areas. It may be attributed to the effect of residual saline water, irrigation, livestock wastes and municipal sewage. Ca-HCO3 water type was the most predominant in the groundwater of the study area. Ca-Cl-2, Na-Cl and Na-HCO3 water types were dominant in order, due to the influence of residual saline water and anthropogenic activity. Geostatistical techniques were applied to classify the groundwater samples and to identify the geochemical processes and sources controlling the groundwater geochemistry. The scatter diagrams of factor score versus topographic elevation and groundwater level represented that groundwater was influenced by saline water and NO3-N at <85 m of well elevation. The areas and degrees of groundwater contamination were understood from the spatial distribution maps of factor scores versus groundwater level. Chemical characteristics and contamination sources of groundwater were identified from cluster and factor analyses. Kriging method was useful for the production of distribution maps showing the degree and location of groundwater contamination. Thus, geostatistical techniques including factor analysis, cluster analysis and kriging method played very important roles in evaluating groundwater contamination and identifying contamination sources.</P>
Chung, S. Y.,Venkatramanan, S.,Park, N.,Ramkumar, T.,Sujitha, S. B.,Jonathan, M. P. Springer 2016 Environmental Earth Sciences Vol.75 No.1
<P>Fourteen water and sediment samples were collected from the Nakdong River Basin in Korea to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total organic carbon) in water and total heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As) in surface sediments. The assessment of physico-chemical parameters indicates that river water and sediments in the study area were strongly impacted by industrial wastewater, irrigational effluents and domestic sewage. The overall average concentrations of metals in sediments were Cu (6.41 mg/kg), Cd (0.11 mg/kg), Pb (4.72 mg/kg), Zn (16.8 mg/kg), As (0.19 mg/kg), and the order of the concentrations was Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd. Geo-accumulation index (I-geo) indicates that most of samples fall at unpolluted to medium category, while contamination factor values fall at the medium to very high pollution zone. Pollution load index also suggests that all samples fall at progressive pollution sector. Multivariate statistical analysis and pollution index methods were helpful for the classification on the basis of the contamination sources and origin of heavy metals. In conclusion, this study clearly infers the fact that the cause of metal pollution in this region is mainly due to the effluents discharged from factories, agricultural fields and sewers.</P>
Elyorbek Khakimov,정상용,Venkatramanan Senapathi,HUSSAM ELDIN ELZAIN OSMAN ELZAIN,손주형 한국지하수토양환경학회 2017 지하수토양환경 Vol.22 No.3
This study dealt with the characteristics and the interrelations of hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and effective porosity of unconsolidated sediments for providing the basic data necessary for the planning of the management and preservation of groundwater quality in the Nakdong River Delta of Busan City, Korea. Groundwater quality in this area has been deteriorated due to seawater intrusion, agricultural fertilizer and pesticide, industrial wastewater, and contaminated river water. The physical properties (grain size distribution, sediment type, sorting) and aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, longitudinal dispersivity) were determined from grain size analysis, laboratory permeability test and column tracer test. Among 36 samples, there were 18 Sand (S), 7 Gravelly Sand (gS), 5 Silty Sand (zS), 5 Muddy Sand (mS), and 1 Sandy Silt (sZ). Hydraulic conductivity was determined through a falling head test, and ranged from 9.2 × 10−5 to 2.9 × 10−2 cm/sec (0.08 to 25.6 m/day). From breakthrough curves, dispersivity was calculated to be 0.35~3.92 cm. Also, effective porosity and average linear velocity were obtained through the column tracer test, and their values were 0.04~0.46 and 1.06E-04~6.49E-02 cm/sec, respectively. Statistical methods were used to understand the interrelations among aquifer parameters of hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity and dispersivity. The relation between dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity considered the sample length, because dispersivity was affected by experimental scale. The relations between dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity were all in inverse proportion for all long and short samples. The reason was because dispersivity was in inverse proportion to the groundwater velocity in case of steady hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, and groundwater velocity was in proportion to the hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity. This study also elucidated that longitudinal dispersivity was dependent on the scale of column tracer test, and all hydrogeological parameters were low to high values due to the sand quantity of sediments. It is expected that the hydrogeological parameter data of sediments will be very useful for the planning of groundwater management and preservation in the Nakdong River Delta of Busan City, Korea.