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Vanalakar, S.A.,Suryawanshi, M.P.,Mali, S.S.,Moholkar, A.V.,Kim, J.Y.,Patil, P.S.,Kim, J.H. Elsevier 2014 Current Applied Physics Vol.14 No.12
This study reports on the formation of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanostructures with controlled morphology synthesized via a simple chemical route in surface active agent environment. The effect of organic surface active agents (surfactants) as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on structural, morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of CdS thin films have been studied. Our results reveal that the organic surfactants play key roles in tweaking the surface morphology. A compact spongy ball like morphology was observed for the CdS samples grown without organic surfactants. The cauliflower's with nanopetals from the CTAB, whereas crowded star fish like morphology is observed in PEG-mediated growth. Water hyacinth like morphology is tweaked using SDS. Considering the importance of these nanostructures, the growth mechanism has been discussed in details. Additionally, the samples are photoelectrochemically (PEC) active and having a compact surface with a nanoporous structure twig helps in improved photoelectrochemical performance compared to that of CdS deposits from surfactant free solution. This is a simplistic way to tune the morphology using surfactants, which can be applied to other energy conversion applications.
Vanalakar, Sharadrao A.,Patil, Satish M.,Patil, Vithoba L.,Vhanalkar, Sagar A.,Patil, Pramod S.,Kim, Jin H. Elsevier 2018 Materials science & engineering. B, Advanced funct Vol.229 No.-
<P>Environmentally benign Cu-based multinary chalcogenidessuch as Cu2FeSnS4 (CFTS) are fascinating growing attention owing to their outstanding opto-electronics properties. Here we developed a simple, low cost and industrial scalable ball milling procedure for the eco-friendly synthesis of nanostructured CFTS powder without the need for organic solvents, amines or catalysts. The nanostructured CFTS powder were characterized by various techniques. The phase pure CFTS structure of the product was confirmed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and EDX analysis. The TEM images confirmed its nanostructured form with particle size around 30 nm. The band gap of the nanostructured CFTS powder was found to be 1.42 eV, which is suitable for multiple applications including photo-catalysis. Further, the synthesized nanocrystalline CFTS powder were used as a solar photo catalyst to explore the degradation of Rhodamine B dye under visible-light. The dye significantly degraded within 120 min under sun light irradiation.</P>
A review on pulsed laser deposited CZTS thin films for solar cell applications
Vanalakar, S.A.,Agawane, G.L.,Shin, S.W.,Suryawanshi, M.P.,Gurav, K.V.,Jeon, K.S.,Patil, P.S.,Jeong, C.W.,Kim, J.Y.,Kim, J.H. Elsevier 2015 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.619 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cu<SUB>2</SUB>ZnSnS<SUB>4</SUB>; commonly abbreviated as CZTS is a promising material for low cost thin film solar cells, because of its suitable band gap energy of around 1.5eV and large absorption coefficient of over 10<SUP>4</SUP> cm<SUP>−1</SUP>. All the constituents of this material are abundant in the earth’s crust, and they are not toxic making it a smarter choice. Since 1996, after the initial success of the CZTS based solar cell (with its light to electrical conversion efficiency of 0.6%), significant progress in this research area has been achieved, especially in the last five years. Now-a-days, the conversion efficiency of the CZTS thin film solar cell has improved to 12%. Over 600 papers on CZTS have been published since 2001, and the majority of these discuss the preparation of CZTS thin films by different methods. So far, many physical and chemical techniques have been employed for preparing CZTS thin films. Among them, the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a versatile deposition method. PLD is a simple, but multipurpose, experimental method that finds use as a means of modeling a very diverse range of materials, and in extensive areas of thin film deposition and multi-layer research. This technique is suitable for depositing high quality films with complex compositions because of its influencing properties such as harmonious transfer of species from the target to substrate, enrichment in crystallinity, clean deposition, and simplicity and flexibility in the engineering design. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of PLD, this manuscript, reviews the synthesis of CZTS semiconductor thin films fabricated by PLD. This review begins with a description of the PLD system, and then introduces the CZTS and preparation of the CZTS target for PLD deposition. A survey of pulsed laser deposited CZTS thin films and their solar cell performance is discussed in detail. Finally, we present perspectives for further developments of PLD for a CZTS based solar cell absorber layer.</P>
Vanalakar, S.A.,Agawane, G.L.,Shin, S.W.,Yang, H.S.,Patil, P.S.,Kim, J.Y.,Kim, J.H. Elsevier 2015 Acta materialia Vol.85 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cu-based ternary chalcogenides such as Cu<SUB>2</SUB>SnS<SUB>3</SUB> (CTS) are attracting increasing interest due to their outstanding opto-electronic properties. Herein, a simple, cost-effective non-vacuum mechanochemical synthetic route for preparing CTS nanocrystals with controlled size and composition is presented. CTS nanocrystalline powders were synthesized by ball milling and subsequent annealing in an H<SUB>2</SUB>S atmosphere. These nanocrystal samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible optical spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Texture structures with cubic crystallinity were observed from the P-XRD of (112), (200) planes of CTS nanopowders. The EDS results confirmed that the synthesized powders had an appropriate chemical purity. According to TEM/FE-SEM observations, a nanostructure CTS was obtained after 36h of mechanochemical processing followed by annealing. The average particle size of single phase CTS after 48h of milling was ∼45nm. Based on obtained data using characterization methods, reaction mechanism steps were proposed to clarify the reactions that occurred during the mechanochemical process. In order to prepare nanocrystal ink, ethanol was used as a solvent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, which acts as an organic stabilizing agent, was added to the CTS powder to prepare a printable paste.</P>
Vanalakar, S.A.,Mali, S.S.,Jo, E.A.,Kim, J.Y.,Kim, J.H.,Patil, P.S. Elsevier 2014 SOLID STATE SCIENCES Vol.36 No.-
Thin films of cadmium sulfide (CdS) have been wet chemically deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated conducting glass substrates by using non-ionic surfactant; Triton-X 100. An aqueous solution contains cadmium sulphate as a cadmium and thiourea as sulphur precursor. Ammonia used as a complexing agent. The results of measurements of the x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface areas and atomic force microscopy were used for the characterization of the films. These results revealed that the films are polycrystalline, consisting of CdS cubic phase. The films show a direct band gap with energy 2.39 eV. The films show interconnected nanowalls like morphology with well-defined surface area. Finally, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of Triton-X mediated CdS thin film samples were studied. The sample shows photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance with maximum short circuit current density (J<SUB>sc</SUB>) 1.71 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> for larger area (1 cm<SUP>2</SUP>) solar cells.
Vanalakar, Sharadrao A.,Patil, Pramod S.,Kim, Jin H. Elsevier 2018 Solar energy materials and solar cells Vol.182 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The earth-abundant Cu based multinary chalcogenides have great interest in the field of environmentally benign thin film solar cells. Recently, Cu<SUB>2</SUB>FeSnS<SUB>4</SUB> (CFTS), one of the important Cu based chalcogenide has drawn prime attention in research and development due to their nontoxic and earth abundant constituent elements. The optical properties of CFTS make it a suitable candidate for thin film solar cells (TFSCs). This paper provides a review on the physical and chemical synthesis of CFTS nanoparticles and thin films and focuses the current status of CFTS based TFSCs. This article begins with a description of the crystal structure of CFTS, and then discussion on various solution and vacuum based techniques used to grow nanostructures and deposit compact thin films. Further, the review will summarize photovoltaic behavior of CFTS thin films. Finally, we discussed the challenges and scope and the perspectives for further developments in the existing research on CFTS based solar cells.</P>
Vanalakar, Sharadrao A.,Patil, Vithoba L.,Patil, Pramod S.,Kim, Jin H. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY Vol.42 No.6
<P>In this report, 1-D interconnected CdS nanowires were prepared rapidly <I>via</I> a wet chemical route at relatively low temperature, using cadmium sulphate, thiourea and ammonia as raw materials. The formation of a CdS nanowire mesh (CdS NW mesh) and its structural, optical, surface morphological properties and elemental composition were studied by various characterization techniques. The cubic crystal structure of the CdS interconnected nanowire mesh was confirmed <I>via</I> X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements reveal the presence of defects in the as synthesized CdS NW mesh. However, the defect states are beneficial for the gas sensing behavior. Therefore, the gas sensing properties of the CdS NW mesh were studied using NO2 as an analyte gas at moderate operating temperature. The nanowire mesh and inter-wire space were observed to play a crucial role in determining the gas sensing performance of the devices. The as synthesized CdS NW mesh shows a gas response of about 1850% to 100 ppm NO2 gas. In particular, our CdS based gas sensor showed a fifty fold better gas response towards NO2 gas than the earlier reports in the literature. Due to the high value of gas sensitivity, the reported CdS NW mesh could be a suitable candidate for NO2 sensing.</P>