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Schwarz, B.,Vainio, U.,Mattern, N.,Sohn, S.W.,Oswald, S.,Kim, D.H.,Eckert, J. North-Holland 2011 Journal of non-crystalline solids Vol.357 No.6
CuZr as well as CoZr are well known metallic glass-formers in a wide compositional range. Since the binary Cu-Co system exhibits a metastable liquid-liquid miscibility gap, i.e. Cu and Co tend to separate from each other, the ternary Cu-Co-Zr system is a promising candidate to form phase separated glass-glass composites. In this work (Cu<SUB>60</SUB>Co<SUB>40</SUB>)<SUB>1-x</SUB>Zr<SUB>x</SUB> metallic glasses with relatively low Zr contents of x=37 and x=32 were prepared by melt spinning and investigated by in-situ small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Certain heat treated samples were additionally investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Even for x=32 there are no indications for any kind of phase separation in the as-quenched state within experimental resolution, i.e. the critical temperature T<SUB>c</SUB> for a liquid-liquid phase separation has already decreased from 1556K for binary Cu<SUB>60</SUB>Co<SUB>40</SUB> to a temperature below the glass transition temperature T<SUB>g</SUB>=762(5)K found for (Cu<SUB>60</SUB>Co<SUB>40</SUB>)<SUB>68</SUB>Zr<SUB>32</SUB>. Combined in-situ SAXS/WAXS and HRTEM investigations reveal that thermal annealing also does not induce an amorphous-amorphous phase separation. Instead the formation of nano crystallites of a so far unknown Cu-rich/Zr-poor phase with relatively low activation energy for crystallization E<SUB>a</SUB>=116(7)kJ/mol at temperatures far below the crystallization temperature deduced from DSC measurements is observed.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer, Including Occupational Exposures
Weiderpass, Elisabete,Meo, Margrethe,Vainio, Harri Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2011 Safety and health at work Vol.2 No.1
The knowledge on the etiology of breast cancer has advanced substantially in recent years, and several etiological factors are now firmly established. However, very few new discoveries have been made in relation to occupational risk factors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated over 900 different exposures or agents to-date to determine whether they are carcinogenic to humans. These evaluations are published as a series of Monographs (www.iarc.fr). For breast cancer the following substances have been classified as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1): alcoholic beverages, exposure to diethylstilbestrol, estrogen-progestogen contraceptives, estrogen-progestogen hormone replacement therapy and exposure to X-radiation and gamma-radiation (in special populations such as atomic bomb survivors, medical patients, and in-utero exposure). Ethylene oxide is also classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, although the evidence for carcinogenicity in epidemiologic studies, and specifically for the human breast, is limited. The classification "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) includes estrogen hormone replacement therapy, tobacco smoking, and shift work involving circadian disruption, including work as a flight attendant. If the association between shift work and breast cancer, the most common female cancer, is confirmed, shift work could become the leading cause of occupational cancer in women.
Cancer Incidence in Asbestos-Exposed Workers: An Update on Four Finnish Cohorts
Nynas, Pia,Pukkala, Eero,Vainio, Harri,Oksa, Panu Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2
Background: We assessed the cancer risks of four different Finnish asbestos-exposed cohorts. We also explored if the cohorts with varying profiles of asbestos exposure exhibited varying relative risks of cancer. Methods: The incident cancer cases for the asbestos-exposed worker cohorts were updated to the end of 2012 using the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry. The previously formed cohorts consisted of asbestos mine workers, asbestosis patients, asbestos sprayers, and workers who had taken part in a screening study based on asbestos exposure at work. Results: The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for mesothelioma varied from about threefold to > 100-fold in the different cohorts. In the screening cohort the SIR for mesothelioma was highest in 2003-2007, In other cohorts it was more constant in 5-year period inspection. The SIR for lung cancer was about twofold to tenfold in all except the screening cohort. Asbestos sprayers were at the highest risk of mesothelioma and lung cancer. Conclusion: The SIR for mesothelioma is high in all of the cohorts that represent different kinds of asbestos exposure. The smaller SIR for mesothelioma in the screening cohort with lowest level of asbestos exposure might suggest dose-responsiveness between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma. It does seem that the highest risk of lung cancer in these cohorts except in the youngest of the cohorts, the screening cohort, is over. The highest SIR for lung cancer of the asbestosis patient and sprayers cohort is explained by their heavy asbestos exposure.
Han, J.H.,Mattern, N.,Vainio, U.,Shariq, A.,Sohn, S.W.,Kim, D.H.,Eckert, J. Elsevier Science 2014 Acta materialia Vol.66 No.-
The influence of Gd addition on the microstructure of Zr<SUB>56</SUB>Co<SUB>28</SUB>Al<SUB>16</SUB> metallic glasses was investigated for the exchange of Zr by up to 20 at.% Gd. Due to the large positive enthalpy of mixing between Zr and Gd, liquid-liquid phase separation occurs during rapid quenching of the melt. For a low concentration of Gd (x=2 at.%), a homogeneous amorphous structure is obtained for the as-quenched state. Early stages of spinodal decomposition are observed in the as-quenched state of the glasses with x=5 and 10 at.% Gd. Gd-enriched clusters 4-7nm in size are formed, as shown by atom probe tomography (APT). Annealing below the crystallization temperature T<SUB>x</SUB> leads to an increase in the amplitude of compositional fluctuations and the analysis of the spatial atomic distribution by APT provides direct evidence of the spinodal character of the decomposition by uphill diffusion of Gd into the clusters. For higher Gd content (x=15 and 20 at.%), a coarsened microstructure of the phase-separated glass is obtained due to growth and coalescence while quenching the melt. The microstructure formation is essentially determined by the thermodynamic properties of the metastable undercooled liquid.
Cancer Incidence in Asbestos-Exposed Workers: An Update on Four Finnish Cohorts
Pia Nynäs,Eero Pukkala,Harri Vainio,Panu Oksa 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2
Background We assessed the cancer risks of four different Finnish asbestos-exposed cohorts. We also explored if the cohorts with varying profiles of asbestos exposure exhibited varying relative risks of cancer. Methods The incident cancer cases for the asbestos-exposed worker cohorts were updated to the end of 2012 using the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry. The previously formed cohorts consisted of asbestos mine workers, asbestosis patients, asbestos sprayers, and workers who had taken part in a screening study based on asbestos exposure at work. Results The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for mesothelioma varied from about threefold to > 100-fold in the different cohorts. In the screening cohort the SIR for mesothelioma was highest in 2003–2007, In other cohorts it was more constant in 5-year period inspection. The SIR for lung cancer was about twofold to tenfold in all except the screening cohort. Asbestos sprayers were at the highest risk of mesothelioma and lung cancer. Conclusion The SIR for mesothelioma is high in all of the cohorts that represent different kinds of asbestos exposure. The smaller SIR for mesothelioma in the screening cohort with lowest level of asbestos exposure might suggest dose-responsiveness between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma. It does seem that the highest risk of lung cancer in these cohorts except in the youngest of the cohorts, the screening cohort, is over. The highest SIR for lung cancer of the asbestosis patient and sprayers cohort is explained by their heavy asbestos exposure.
The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng : a review of human and experimental evidence
Shin, Hai-Rim,Kim, Joon-Youn,Yun, Taik-Koo,Morgan, Gareth,Vainio, Harri 동아대학교 산업의학연구소 2000 산업의학연구소 논총 Vol.- No.5
0bjectives : This study was performed to determine the reference values of blood lead, manganese, aluminium, and silicon in healthy adults. Methods : The subjects were 132 (67 male and 65 female), and classified to three age groups (≤39,40∼49, and 50≤). Hood lead, manganese and aluminium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and blood silicon was analyzed by direct current plasma optical omission spectrometer. Results : Blood lead levels(geometric mean, S.D) were (3.49, 1.70) ㎍/dL in male auld (3.04, 1.65) ㎍/dL in female, but the difference is not significant, and there was no significant difference between age groups. Mean blood manganese level was 0.99±0.41㎍/dL, and there was no significant difference between sex or age groups. Mean blood aluminium level was 0.59±0.35㎍/dL and there was no significant difference between sex or age groups. Mean blood silicon level was 54.41±27.64㎍/dL in male and 43.34±23.51㎍/dL in female, and the level in male was significantly higher than that in female (p〈0.05). There was significant difference between age groups, and the oldest showed the highest level in male (p〈0.05), but no significant difference between age groups in female. Conclusions : Authors hope that this study would provide basic data for determininig reference values and evaluating health effects.
Microscopic control ofSi29nuclear spins near phosphorus donors in silicon
Jä,rvinen, J.,Zvezdov, D.,Ahokas, J.,Sheludyakov, S.,Vainio, O.,Lehtonen, L.,Vasiliev, S.,Fujii, Y.,Mitsudo, S.,Mizusaki, T.,Gwak, M.,Lee, SangGap,Lee, Soonchil,Vlasenko, L. American Physical Society 2015 Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials Vol.92 No.12