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      • MULTIGENE ANALYSES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUGLENOIDS AND NEW FAMILY, PHACACEAE (EUGLENALES)

        Kim, Jong Im,Shin, Woongghi,Triemer, Richard E. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Journal of phycology Vol.46 No.6

        <P>Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood (ML) analyses of the combined multigene data (nuclear SSU rDNA, and plastid SSU and LSU rDNA) were conducted to evaluate the phylogeny of photosynthetic euglenoids. The combined data set consisted of 108 strains of photosynthetic euglenoids including a colorless sister taxon. Bayesian and ML analyses recovered trees of almost identical topology. The results indicated that photosynthetic euglenoids were divided into two major clades, the Euglenaceae clade (<I>Euglena</I>, <I>Euglenaria</I>, <I>Trachelomonas</I>, <I>Strombomonas</I>, <I>Monomorphina</I>, <I>Cryptoglena</I>, <I>Colacium</I>) and the Phacaceae clade (<I>Phacus</I>, <I>Lepocinclis</I>, <I>Discoplastis</I>). The Euglenaceae clade was monophyletic with high support and subdivided into four main clades: the <I>Colacium</I>, the <I>Strombomonas</I> and <I>Trachelomonas</I>, the <I>Cryptoglena</I> and <I>Monomorphina</I>, and the <I>Euglena</I> and <I>Euglenaria</I> clades. The genus <I>Colacium</I> was positioned at the base of the Euglenaceae and was well supported as a monophyletic lineage. The loricate genera (<I>Strombomonas</I> and <I>Trachelomonas</I>) were located at the middle of the Euglenaceae clade and formed a robust monophyletic lineage. The genera <I>Cryptoglena</I> and <I>Monomorphina</I> also formed a well‐supported monophyletic clade. <I>Euglena</I> and the recently erected genus <I>Euglenaria</I> emerged as sister groups. However, <I>Euglena proxima</I> branched off at the base of the Euglenaceae. The Phacaceae clade was also a monophyletic group with high support values and subdivided into three clades, the <I>Discoplastis</I>, <I>Phacus</I>, and <I>Lepocinclis</I> clades. The genus <I>Discoplastis</I> branched first, and then <I>Phacus</I> and <I>Lepocinclis</I> emerged as sister groups. These genera shared a common characteristic, numerous small discoid chloroplasts without pyrenoids. These results clearly separated the Phacaceae clade from the Euglenaceae clade. Therefore, we propose to limit the family Euglenaceae to the members of the <I>Euglena</I> clade and erect a new family, the Phacaceae, to house the genera <I>Phacus</I>, <I>Lepocinclis</I>, and <I>Discoplastis</I>.</P>

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        Euglenophycin is produced in at least six species of euglenoid algae and six of seven strains of <i>Euglena sanguinea</i>

        Zimba, Paul V.,Huang, I-Shuo,Gutierrez, Danielle,Shin, Woongghi,Bennett, Matthew S.,Triemer, Richard E. Elsevier 2017 HARMFUL ALGAE Vol.63 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Euglena sanguinea</I> is known to produce the alkaloid toxin euglenophycin and is known to cause fish kills and inhibit mammalian tissue and microalgal culture growth. An analysis of over 30 species of euglenoids for accumulation of euglenophycin identified six additional species producing the toxin; and six of the seven <I>E. sanguinea</I> strains produced the toxin. A phylogenetic assessment of these species confirmed most taxa were in the Euglenaceae, whereas synthesis capability apparently has been lost in the <I>Phacus, Eutreptiella, and Discoplastis</I> branches.</P>

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