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Spin Torque Assisted Magnetization Switching in Thermally Activated Region
Tomohiro Taniguchi,Hiroshi Imamura 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.12
The spin torque assisted magnetization switching in the thermally activated region was theoreticallystudied based on the rate equation. We found the dependence of the switching current on thecurrent pulse duration time to be linear for b = 1 and nonlinear for b = 2. Here, b is the exponentof the current term in the switching rate formula, which has been assumed to be unity while atheory with b = 2 was proposed recently. A comparison of the calculated results with the recentexperiments of Heindl et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 109, 073910 (2011)] indicates b 6= 1.
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Suzuki Noritaka,Eguchi Yawara,Hirai Takashi,Takahashi Takuya,Takahashi Yohei,Watanabe Kota,Banno Tomohiro,Sakaki Kyohei,Maki Satoshi,Takano Yuuichi,Taniguchi Yuki,Aoki Yasuchika,Konishi Takamitsu,Hira 대한척추외과학회 2024 Asian Spine Journal Vol.18 No.4
Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.Purpose: This study aimed to compare data from patients who received intradiscal condoliase (chondroitin sulfate ABC endolyase) injection for primary lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and recurrent LDH.Overview of Literature: Chemonucleolysis with condoliase for LDH is a treatment with relatively good results and a high safety profile; however, few studies have reported recurrence after LDH surgery.Methods: The study participants were 249 patients who underwent intradiscal condoliase injection for LDH at nine participating institutions, including 241 patients with initial LDH (group C) and eight with recurrent LDH (group R). Patient characteristics including age, sex, body mass index, disease duration, intervertebral LDH level, smoking history, and diabetes history were evaluated. Low back pain/leg pain Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were used to evaluate clinical symptoms before treatment and at 6 months and 1 year after treatment.Results: Low back pain NRS scores (before treatment and at 6 months and 1 year after treatment, respectively) in group C (4.9 → 2.6 → 1.8) showed significant improvement until 1 year after treatment. Although a tendency for improvement was observed in group R (3.5 → 2.8 → 2.2), no significant difference was noted. Groups C (6.6 → 2.4 → 1.4) and R (7.0 → 3.1 → 3.2) showed significant improvement in the leg pain NRS scores after treatment. Group C (41.4 → 19.5 → 13.7) demonstrated significant improvement in the ODI up to 1 year after treatment; however, no significant difference was found in group R (35.7 → 31.7 → 26.4).Conclusions: Although intradiscal condoliase injection is less effective for LDH recurrence than for initial cases, it is useful for improving leg pain and can be considered a minimally invasive and safe treatment method.
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