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German Women in the Economy of the Federal Republic
Gabriele Strecker 淑明女子大學校 亞細亞女性問題硏究所 1975 아시아여성연구 Vol.14 No.-
1970년 현재 공업분야에서 일하는 부녀자의 평균노임은 시간당 약 4.5마르크인데 남자들의 노임은 그보다 32%가 더 많은 액면입니다. 즉 여자 응원들의 월급은 남자보다 39%가 낮은 액면으로써 매월 약 930마르크 정도입니다. 그러나 관리들의 월급은 성별에 관계없이 균등합니다. 서독의 국민경제생활에 있어서 부녀자의 역할은 굉장히 넗은 폭을 차지하고 있으나 그들의 취로조건은 아직도 시정, 개선점이 많읍니다. 부녀취업의 일반적인 증가경향은 시민생활의 분위기를 좋은 방향으로 이끌어 가는데 적지 않은 역할을 하고 있습니다. 지금 다른 어떤때 보다도 이성간의 대화가 더 절실해졌고 더 개방적인 방향으로 발전하고 있는데 이러한 과정에서 남녀는 서로 참된 파트너가 되어가지 않나 생각합니다.
Cortically projecting basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons regulate cortical gamma band oscillations
Kim, Tae,Thankachan, Stephen,McKenna, James T.,McNally, James M.,Yang, Chun,Choi, Jee Hyun,Chen, Lichao,Kocsis, Bernat,Deisseroth, Karl,Strecker, Robert E.,Basheer, Radhika,Brown, Ritchie E.,McCarley, National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.11
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>When we are awake, purposeful thinking and behavior require the synchronization of brain cells involved in different aspects of the same task. Cerebral cortex electrical oscillations in the gamma (30–80 Hz) range are particularly important in such synchronization. In this report we identify a particular subcortical cell type which has increased activity during waking and is involved in activating the cerebral cortex and generating gamma oscillations, enabling active cortical processing. Abnormalities of the brain mechanisms controlling gamma oscillations are involved in the disordered thinking typical of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, these findings may pave the way for targeted therapies to treat schizophrenia and other disorders involving abnormal cortical gamma oscillations.</P><P>Cortical gamma band oscillations (GBO, 30–80 Hz, typically ∼40 Hz) are involved in higher cognitive functions such as feature binding, attention, and working memory. GBO abnormalities are a feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dysfunction of cortical fast-spiking interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). GBO vary according to the state of arousal, are modulated by attention, and are correlated with conscious awareness. However, the subcortical cell types underlying the state-dependent control of GBO are not well understood. Here we tested the role of one cell type in the wakefulness-promoting basal forebrain (BF) region, cortically projecting GABAergic neurons containing PV, whose virally transduced fibers we found apposed cortical PV interneurons involved in generating GBO. Optogenetic stimulation of BF PV neurons in mice preferentially increased cortical GBO power by entraining a cortical oscillator with a resonant frequency of ∼40 Hz, as revealed by analysis of both rhythmic and nonrhythmic BF PV stimulation. Selective saporin lesions of BF cholinergic neurons did not alter the enhancement of cortical GBO power induced by BF PV stimulation. Importantly, bilateral optogenetic inhibition of BF PV neurons decreased the power of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response, a read-out of the ability of the cortex to generate GBO used in clinical studies. Our results are surprising and novel in indicating that this presumptively inhibitory BF PV input controls cortical GBO, likely by synchronizing the activity of cortical PV interneurons. BF PV neurons may represent a previously unidentified therapeutic target to treat disorders involving abnormal GBO, such as schizophrenia.</P>