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Iltis, Xaviere,Drouan, Doris,Blay, Thierry,Zacharie, Isabelle,Sabathier, Catherine,Onofri, Claire,Steyer, Christian,Schwarz, Christian,Baumeister, Bruno,Allenou, Jerome,Stepnik, Bertrand,Petry, Winfri Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.8
Within the frame of the EMPIrE test, four monolithic mini-plates were irradiated in the ATR reactor. In two of them, the monolithic U(Mo) foil had been PVD-coated with Zr before the plate manufacturing. Extensive microstructural characterizations were performed on a fresh archive mini-plate, using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and Focused Ion Beam (FIB)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with nano EDS. A particular attention was paid to the examination of the U(Mo) foil, the PVD coating, the cladding/Zr and Zr/U(Mo) interfaces. The Zr coating has a thickness around 15 ㎛. It has a columnar microstructure and appears dense. The cohesion of the cladding/Zr and Zr/U(Mo) interfaces seems to be satisfactory. An almost continuous layer with a thickness of the order of 100-300 nm is present at the cladding/Zr interface and corresponds to an oxidized part of the Zr coating. At the Zr/U(Mo) interface, a thin discontinuous layer is observed. It could correspond to locally oxidized U(Mo). This work provides a basis for interpreting the results of characterizations on EMPIrE irradiated plates.
A review on anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) focused on modelling and control aspects
Robles, Á,ngel,Ruano, Maria Victoria,Charfi, Amine,Lesage, Geoffroy,Heran, Marc,Harmand, Jé,rô,me,Seco, Aurora,Steyer, Jean-Philippe,Batstone, Damien J.,Kim, Jeonghwan,Ferrer, Jos&eac Elsevier 2018 Bioresource technology Vol.270 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The use of anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology (AnMBR) is rapidly expanding. However, depending on the application, AnMBR design and operation is not fully mature, and needs further research to optimize process efficiency and enhance applicability. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of AnMBR focusing on modelling and control aspects. Quantitative environmental and economic evaluation has demonstrated substantial advantages in application of AnMBR to domestic wastewater treatment, but detailed modelling is less mature. While anaerobic process modelling is generally mature, more work is needed on integrated models which include coupling between membrane performance (including fouling) and the biological process. This should include microbial factors, which are important to generation of specific foulants such as soluble and particulate inert organics. Mature and well-established control tools, including better feedback control strategies are also required for both the process, and for fouling control.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> AnMBR needs further research to optimize process efficiency. </LI> <LI> Modelling can provide insight into the factors playing a key role in AnMBR. </LI> <LI> Process models still face a long path to adaptation in practice. </LI> <LI> Better understanding of fouling mechanisms in AnMBRs is required. </LI> <LI> Control strategies can be further optimized from mechanistic knowledge of fouling. </LI> </UL> </P>