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Dynamics of Extra-Vehicular Activities in Low-Gravity Surface Environments
Spencer, David A.,Gast, Matthew A. The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Scie 2013 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.14 No.1
Human spaceflight experience in extra-vehicular activity (EVA) is limited to two regimes: the micro-gravity environment of Earth orbit, and the lunar surface environment at one-sixth of Earth's gravity. Future human missions to low-gravity bodies, including asteroids, comets, and the moons of Mars, will require EVA techniques that are beyond the current experience base. In order to develop robust approaches for exploring these small bodies, the dynamics associated with human exploration on low-gravity surface must be characterized. This paper examines the translational and rotational motion of an astronaut on the surface of a small body, and it is shown that the low-gravity environment will pose challenges to the surface mobility of an astronaut, unless new tools and EVA techniques are developed. Possibilities for addressing these challenges are explored, and utilization of the International Space Station to test operational concepts and hardware in preparation for a low-gravity surface EVA is discussed.
Spencer S. Walse,Rodrigo Krugner,Steven Tebbets 한국응용곤충학회 2012 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.15 No.3
Methyl bromide (MB) chamber fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, in strawberry exports from California USA. Strawberries were infested with themost MB-tolerant age of SWD (60‐ to 108-h old at fumigation, ca. mature larvae), infested fruit were buried amongst uninfested fruit in export packaging, and fumigations were with 48 mg L−1 (3.0 lbs/1000 ft3) for 3 h at 18.0±Methyl bromide (MB) chamber fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, in strawberry exports from California USA. Strawberries were infested with themost MB-tolerant age of SWD (60‐ to 108-h old at fumigation, ca. mature larvae), infested fruit were buried amongst uninfested fruit in export packaging, and fumigations were with 48 mg L−1 (3.0 lbs/1000 ft3) for 3 h at 18.0±0.5 °C (x s). Complete mortality of 105,173±3,321 (n±s) SWD specimens was achieved with applied doses ≥34.5 mg L−1 and exposures, expressed as a concentration×time products (CTs), ≥80.3 mg L−1 h.
Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for quarantine and post-harvest pests
Spencer S. Walse 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.10
The overall goal of this USDA-ARS research is to ensure the protection and quality of stored product foodstuffs. The results of this research directly enhance production, distribution, and safety of foodstuffs, promote and retain access of United States-grown crops to domestic and foreign markets, and protect the United States and trading partners from the agricultural, ecological, and economic threat posed by quarantine and invasive pests. In general, USDA-ARS research related to the fumigation of stored products focuses on the development of techniques to rapidly disinfest raw products of field pests, control pests in processed products amenable to re-infestation and microbial infection, and reduce reliance on fumigation as a stand-alone measure for postharvest disinfestations and disinfections. Specific research objectives include: comparative evaluation of alternative fumigants to methyl bromide in postharvest applications, development of novel technologies to reduce and eliminate atmospheric emissions from chambers used in postharvest fumigation, and design production strategies that allow for a more strategic postharvest use of methyl bromide and alternative fumigants. Recent research findings will be presented and discussed.
( Spencer Lin ),( Pomin Li ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1
In order to overcome trade liberalization and climate change which are two major issues in current agriculture worldwide, the responds are to develop smart agriculture and agro-bio-economy hoping to minimize and optimize the production variables during the big environmental changes. Department of agricultural machinery of vocational high school always plays the role of a promoter of Taiwan's agriculture on the basis of people's livelihood or on the international stage in the past decades. And it became more important to implement the integration of smart agriculture into curriculum for teaching after adding the agricultural biotechnology elements. In this research, problem based learning, PBL, was imported in one-year course for vocational high school student. Based on PBL strategies, teachers will teach students to discuss and integrate related new technology elements (AI, IR, IoT, and big data) and existing agricultural technologies. By introducing this innovative teaching method, we can effectively improve students' learning achievements for intellectual agriculture and analysis skill in the practical application of maximum effectiveness.
Low Contrast and Low kV CTA Before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review
Spencer C. Lacy,Mina M. Benjamin,Mohammed Osman,Mushabbar A. Syed,Menhel Kinno 한국심초음파학회 2023 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.31 No.2
BACKGROUND: Minimizing contrast dose and radiation exposure while maintaining image quality during computed tomography angiography (CTA) for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is desirable, but not well established. This systematic review compares image quality for low contrast and low kV CTA versus conventional CTA in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR planning. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review to identify clinical studies comparing imaging strategies for patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR planning. The primary outcomes of image quality as assessed by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were reported as random effects mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: We included 6 studies reporting on 353 patients. There was no difference in cardiac SNR (mean difference, −1.42; 95% CI, −5.71 to 2.88; p = 0.52), cardiac CNR (mean difference, −3.83; 95% CI, −9.98 to 2.32; p = 0.22), aortic SNR (mean difference, −0.23; 95% CI, −7.83 to 7.37; p = 0.95), aortic CNR (mean difference, −3.95; 95% CI, −12.03 to 4.13; p = 0.34), and ileofemoral SNR (mean difference, −6.09; 95% CI, −13.80 to 1.62; p = 0.12) between the low dose and conventional protocols. There was a difference in ileofemoral CNR between the low dose and conventional protocols with a mean difference of −9.26 (95% CI, −15.06 to −3.46; p = 0.002). Overall, subjective image quality was similar between the 2 protocols. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review suggests that low contrast and low kV CTA for TAVR planning provides similar image quality to conventional CTA.
Spencer C Tucker 한국국방연구원 2010 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.22 No.4
The Korean War is an immensely important event in twentieth century history. The first shooting war of the Cold War, the first United Nations War, and the only time that two major military powers have clashed on the battlefield since World War II, it has been largely forgotten by all*save for the Koreans, for whom the war continues. Although it began in June 1950, its roots extend back to the Japanese takeover of Korea in 1910 and the partition of the Peninsula at the end of World War II. In this concise yet analytical account, the author discusses the inability of the major powers to agree on a Korean government and the partition of Korea into two hostile regimes. He treats the factors prompting the North Korean invasion and the reasons for Soviet and Chinese support, the military balance at the start of the war, the factors prompting U.S. intervention, and the course of the war to include the Chinese intervention and the transition from a war of maneuver into one of stalemate. He also addressed the factors delaying an armistice agreement, assesses the costs and wide-reaching consequences of the war, and identifies areas for possible further study.