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Oxidative conversion of anilines to azobenzenes with alkaline chloramine-T
Puttaswamy,Adalagere Somashekar Manjunatha,Shankarlingaiah Dakshayani,Nirmala Vaz 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.2
Anilines are widely used in the manufacture of dyes, medicinals, plastics and perfumes. Anilines are readily oxidized to give products depending on reaction conditions. Conversion of anilines to azobenzene is important in organic synthesis. In the course of this research, optimum conditions for the facile oxidative conversion of anilines to azobenzenes have been established in very good yields. The kinetics of oxidation of aniline, p-methoxyaniline, p-methylaniline, p-carboxylicaniline and p-nitroaniline by chloramine-T (CAT) in NaOH medium shows identical kinetics with a first-order dependence of rate on [CAT]o, fractional-order on [Aniline]o, and an inverse-fractional order on [OH−]. Activation parameters and decomposition constants have been determined. Oxidation products were characterized by NMR spectral studies. Isokinetic temperature is 415 K indicating enthalpy as a controlling factor. The rates increased in the order: p-methoxyaniline>p-methylaniline>aniline>p-carboxylicani- line>p-nitroaniline. A Hammett linear free energy relationship is observed for the reaction with ρ=−0.52. Reaction scheme and kinetic rate law were deduced. We have developed a simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of azobenzenes by anilines in good yields and hence we believe that this methodology will be a valuable addition to the existing methods.
Do Han Kim,Somashekar G. Krishna,Emmanuel Coronel,Paul T. Kröner,Herbert C. Wolfsen,Michael B. Wallace,Juan E. Corral 대한소화기내시경학회 2022 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.55 No.2
Background/Aims: Endoscopic visualization of the microscopic anatomy can facilitate the real-time diagnosis of pancreatobiliarydisorders and provide guidance for treatment. This study aimed to review the technique, image classification, and diagnosticperformance of confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of CLE in pancreatic and biliary ducts of humans, and have provided a narrative of thetechnique, image classification, diagnostic performance, ongoing research, and limitations. Results: Probe-based CLE differentiates malignant from benign biliary strictures (sensitivity, ≥89%; specificity, ≥61%). NeedlebasedCLE differentiates mucinous from non-mucinous pancreatic cysts (sensitivity, 59%; specificity, ≥94%) and identifies dysplasia. Pancreatitis may develop in 2-7% of pancreatic cyst cases. Needle-based CLE has potential applications in adenocarcinoma,neuroendocrine tumors, and pancreatitis (chronic or autoimmune). Costs, catheter lifespan, endoscopist training, and interobservervariability are challenges for routine utilization. Conclusions: CLE reveals microscopic pancreatobiliary system anatomy with adequate specificity and sensitivity. Reducing costs andsimplifying image interpretation will promote utilization by advanced endoscopists.
Predictors of Early Readmissions in Hospitalized Patients With Gastroparesis: A Nationwide Analysis
( Ravi B Pavurala ),( Peter P Stanich ),( Somashekar G Krishna ),( Praveen Guturu ),( Alice Hinton ),( Darwin L Conwell ),( Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2021 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.27 No.3
Background/Aims Gastroparesis is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder that frequently presents with symptoms that are difficult to manage, necessitating frequent hospitalizations. We sought to determine the predictors of early readmission due to gastroparesis based on etiology. Methods We identified all adults discharged with a principal diagnosis of gastroparesis after hospitalization from the 2014 Nationwide Readmission Database. We compared etiology wise (diabetes, post-surgical, and idiopathic) early readmission. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors of 30-day readmission. Results A total of 12 689 patients were identified, 30.7% diabetic, 2.6% post-surgical, and 66.7% were idiopathic. Patients with diabetic gastroparesis were more likely to be readmitted within 30 days than idiopathic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.94) and post-surgical gastroparesis (aOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34-0.98). Pyloroplasty was associated with less likelihood of 30-day readmission (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.20-0.97). In addition, male gender (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.37), modified Elixhauser comorbidity score ≥ 3 (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18-1.61), chronic pain syndrome (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.11-1.78), younger (18-64 years) age (aOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.34-2.00), need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy tube (aOR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.21-3.52), and need for total parenteral nutrition (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.24-2.35) were associated with increased risk of 30-day readmission. Conclusions One in 5 patients was readmitted with gastroparesis within 30 days. In the diabetic group, diabetes-related complications contributed to readmissions than gastroparesis. Pyloroplasty is associated with reduced early hospital readmission. Prospective studies are needed for validation of these results. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021;27:408-418)
Prakash, Y.,Somashekarappa, H.,Manjunath, A.,Mahadevaiah, Mahadevaiah,Somashekar, R. Techno-Press 2013 Advances in materials research Vol.2 No.1
The transition metal salt doped solid polymer electrolyte [TSPE] were prepared with HPMC as a host polymer. The virgin and doped films were prepared by solution-casting method and investigated using wide angle X-ray scattering method. Micro structural parameters like lattice strain (g%), stacking/twin faults, the average number of unit cells counted in a direction perpendicular to the Bragg's plane (hkl) spacing of (hkl) planes dhkl, crystallite size Ds, distortion width, standard deviation were determined by whole pattern powder fitting (WPPF) method, which is an extension of single order method. It is found that the crystallite size decreases with the increase in the content of $FeCl_3$. This decrease is due to increase in localized breaking of polymer network which also accounts for the amorphous nature of the material. The filler inorganic salt $FeCl_3$ acts as plasticizer. FTIR study also confirms and justifies the interaction between the polymer and in-organic salt in the matrix. Physical properties like mechanical stability and Ac conductivity in these films are in conformity with the X-ray results.