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Do-Yeon Cho,Daniel Skinner,Shaoyan Zhang,Ahmed Lazrak,Dong Jin Lim,Christopher G. Weeks,Catherine G. Banks,Chang Kyun Han,Si-Kwan Kim,Guillermo J. Tearney,Sadis Matalon,Steven M. Rowe,Bradford A.Woodw 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.1
Background: Abnormal chloride (Cl⁻) transport has a detrimental impact on mucociliary clearance in both cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF chronic rhinosinusitis. Ginseng is a medicinal plant noted to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The present study aims to assess the capability of red ginseng aqueous extract (RGAE) to promote transepithelial Cl⁻ secretion in nasal epithelium. Methods: Primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) [wild-type (WT) and transgenic CFTR<SUP>-/-</SUP>], fisher-rat-thyroid (FRT) cells expressing human WT CFTR, and TMEM16A-expressing human embryonic kidney cultures were utilized for the present experiments. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and airway surface liquid (ASL) depth measurements were performed using microeoptical coherence tomography (mOCT). Mechanisms underlying transepithelial Cl⁻ transport were determined using pharmacologic manipulation in Ussing chambers and whole-cell patch clamp analysis. Results: RGAE (at 30㎍/mL of ginsenosides) significantly increased Cl⁻ transport [measured as change in short-circuit current (ΔISC = ㎂/㎠)] when compared with control in WT and CFTR<SUP>-/-</SUP> MNSE (WT vs control = 49.8±2.6 vs 0.1 +/- 0.2, CFTR<SUP>-/-</SUP> = 33.5±1.5 vs 0.2±0.3, p < 0.0001). In FRT cells, the CFTR-mediated ΔISC attributed to RGAE was small (6.8 ± 2.5 vs control, 0.03 ± 0.01, p < 0.05). In patch clamp, TMEM16A-mediated currents were markedly improved with co-administration of RGAE and uridine 5-triphosphate (8406.3 +/- 807.7 pA) over uridine 5-triphosphate (3524.1 +/- 292.4 pA) or RGAE alone (465.2 +/- 90.7 pA) (p < 0.0001). ASL and CBF were significantly greater with RGAE (6.2 +/- 0.3 ㎛ vs control, 3.9 +/- 0.09 ㎛; 10.4+/-0.3 ㎐ vs control, 7.3 ± 0.2 ㎐; p < 0.0001) in MNSE. Conclusion: RGAE augments ASL depth and CBF by stimulating Cl⁻ secretion through CaCC, which suggests therapeutic potential in both CF and non-CF chronic rhinosinusitis.
Yunfei Chen,Qian Shen,Yueyue Wang,Tao Wang,Shaoyan Wu,Ling Zhang,Xu Lu,Fangyuan Zhang,Weimin Jiang,Bo Qiu,Erdi Gao,Xiaofen Sun,Kexuan Tang 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.3
Artemisinin is an endoperoxide sesquiterpenelactone isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L.,and is presently the most potent anti-malarial drug. Owingto the low yield of artemisinin from A. annua as well as thewidespread application of artemisinin-based combinationtherapy recommended by the World Health Organization,the global demand for artemisinin is substantially increasingand is therefore rendering artemisinin in short supply. An economical way to increase artemisinin production is toincrease the content of artemisinin in A. annua. In thisstudy, three key genes in the artemisinin biosynthesispathway, encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase, amorpha-4, 11-diene C-12 oxidase and its redox partner cytochromeP450 reductase, were over-expressed in A. annuathrough Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Thetransgenic lines were confirmed by Southern blotting andthe over-expressions of the genes were demonstrated byreal-time PCR assays. The HPLC analysis showed that theartemisinin contents in transgenic lines were increasedsignificantly, with the highest one found to be 3.6-foldhigher (2.9 mg/g FW) than that of the control. Theseresults demonstrate that multigene engineering is aneffective way to enhance artemisinin content in A. annua.