Status of Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning Cost Analysis in USA

Sanghwa Shin(신상화),Soonyoung Kim(김순영) 한국방사선학회 2018 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.12 No.2

Assessment of NPP(Nuclear Power Plant) decommissioning cost is very important for safe decommissioning of nuclear power plants. In the United States, which has the most NPP decommissioning experience, the cost evaluation study has been conducted since the 1970s in order to decommissioning nuclear facilities. The US NRC has conducted studies on decommissioning technology, safety and cost for a variety of reactor type and nuclear installations. In the total decommissioning costs, the end of operation licenses accounted for the largest portion, followed by spent fuel management and site restoration. In case of immediate decommissioning, spent fuel management cost increased compared to delayed decommissioning, and delayed deocmmissioning increased the cost of terminating the operation license. However, in general, delayed decommissioning does not show any significant benefit as compared with immediate decommissioning. It is necessary to consider the evaluation according to the site conditions when evaluating the cost of decommissioning domestic nuclear power plants. Also, in Korea, IAEA recommendations were applied to reorganize the radioactive waste classification system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to appropriately use the decommissioning data of the preceding US Nuclear Power Plant in the new classification system when estimating the amount of radioactive waste generated during decommissioning. In particular, the establishment of the evaluation methodology for the waste to be disposed of will be an important factor in securing the accuracy of the decommissioning cost. In addition, it is necessary to construct information data that can be applied to facility characteristics and work characteristics in order to evaluate the cost of demolition of domestic nuclear power plants. 원전의 안전한 해체 관리를 위해 원전 해체 비용 평가는 매우 중요하다. 가장 많은 원전 해체 경험을 갖고 있는 미국의 경우 1970년대부터 원자력시설의 해체를 위하여 비용평가 연구를 진행하였다. 미국 NRC는 다양한 로형 및 원자력시설에 대한 해체 기술, 안전성 및 비용에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 전체 해체 비용 에서 운영허가종료비용이 가장 큰 비중을 차지하며, 그 다음으로는 사용후핵연료 관리, 부지복원순으로 평가되었다. 해체비용은 전체비용에 있어 운영허가종료가 제일 큰 비중을 차지하며 사용후핵연료관리, 부지 복원 순으로 평가되었다. 즉시해체의 경우 지연해체에 비해 사용후핵연료관리 비용이 증가하였으며 지연 해체의 경우 운영허가종료의 비용이 증가하였다. 전반적으로 즉시해체에 비해 지연해체의 경우가 뚜렷하 게 이득이 보이지 않고 있다. 국내 원전 해체 비용 평가시 부지 조건에 따른 평가를 고려해야할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 또한 국내의 경우 IAEA의 권고사항을 적용하여 방사성폐기물 분류체계를 재정비하였다. 이에 따라 해체시 발생하는 방사성폐기물 물량 산정시, 선행 미국 원전해체 자료를 신분류체계에 적합하게 활용하기 위한 방법을 개발해야할 필요가 있다. 특히 자체처분 대상폐기물 평가 방법론 설정은 해체비용의 정확성을 확보하는 중요한 인자로 작용할 것이다. 또한 국내 원전해체 비용 평가를 위하여 시설 특성과 작업 특성에 적용할 수 있는 정보자료 구축이 필요하다.

미국의 원전해체 비용평가 기초자료 및 동향 분석

신상화 ( Sanghwa Shin ),김순영 ( Soonyoung Kim ) 한국방사선학회 2018 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.12 No.2

원전의 안전한 해체 관리를 위해 원전 해체 비용 평가는 매우 중요하다. 가장 많은 원전 해체 경험을 갖고 있는 미국의 경우 1970년대부터 원자력시설의 해체를 위하여 비용평가 연구를 진행하였다. 미국 NRC는 다양한 로형 및 원자력시설에 대한 해체 기술, 안전성 및 비용에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 전체 해체 비용에서 운영허가종료비용이 가장 큰 비중을 차지하며, 그 다음으로는 사용후핵연료 관리, 부지복원순으로 평가되었다. 해체비용은 전체비용에 있어 운영허가종료가 제일 큰 비중을 차지하며 사용후핵연료관리, 부지 복원 순으로 평가되었다. 즉시해체의 경우 지연해체에 비해 사용후핵연료관리 비용이 증가하였으며 지연 해체의 경우 운영허가종료의 비용이 증가하였다. 전반적으로 즉시해체에 비해 지연해체의 경우가 뚜렷하게 이득이 보이지 않고 있다. 국내 원전 해체 비용 평가시 부지 조건에 따른 평가를 고려해야할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 또한 국내의 경우 IAEA의 권고사항을 적용하여 방사성폐기물 분류체계를 재정비하였다. 이에 따라 해체시 발생하는 방사성폐기물 물량 산정시, 선행 미국 원전해체 자료를 신분류체계에 적합하게 활용하기 위한 방법을 개발해야할 필요가 있다. 특히 자체처분 대상폐기물 평가 방법론 설정은 해체비용의 정확성을 확보하는 중요한 인자로 작용할 것이다. 또한 국내 원전해체 비용 평가를 위하여 시설 특성과 작업 특성에 적용할 수 있는 정보자료 구축이 필요하다. Assessment of NPP(Nuclear Power Plant) decommissioning cost is very important for safe decommissioning of nuclear power plants. In the United States, which has the most NPP decommissioning experience, the cost evaluation study has been conducted since the 1970s in order to decommissioning nuclear facilities. The US NRC has conducted studies on decommissioning technology, safety and cost for a variety of reactor type and nuclear installations. In the total decommissioning costs, the end of operation licenses accounted for the largest portion, followed by spent fuel management and site restoration. In case of immediate decommissioning, spent fuel management cost increased compared to delayed decommissioning, and delayed deocmmissioning increased the cost of terminating the operation license. However, in general, delayed decommissioning does not show any significant benefit as compared with immediate decommissioning. It is necessary to consider the evaluation according to the site conditions when evaluating the cost of decommissioning domestic nuclear power plants. Also, in Korea, IAEA recommendations were applied to reorganize the radioactive waste classification system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to appropriately use the decommissioning data of the preceding US Nuclear Power Plant in the new classification system when estimating the amount of radioactive waste generated during decommissioning. In particular, the establishment of the evaluation methodology for the waste to be disposed of will be an important factor in securing the accuracy of the decommissioning cost. In addition, it is necessary to construct information data that can be applied to facility characteristics and work characteristics in order to evaluate the cost of demolition of domestic nuclear power plants.

의료용 사이클로트론 해체 시 발생되는 방사화 콘크리트의 방사선학적 영향평가

장동근 ( Donggun Jang ),신상화 ( Sanghwa Shin ) 한국방사선학회 2019 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.1

사이클로트론 가동 시 핵반응으로 인해 중성자가 발생되며, 발생된 중성자는 콘크리트벽에 흡수되어 방사화를 일으키게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 콘크리트 종류에 따른 방사화 분석과 방사화 핵종이 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 실험은 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 및 RESRAD 모델을 사용하였다. 실험 결과 콘크리트의 Fe 함유량이 높을수록 차폐율이 증가하였으며, Fe은 ⁵⁶Fe(n, 2np)⁵⁴Mn 반응으로 인하여 종사자에게 미치는 영향 또한 같이 증가하였다. 하지만, 방사화로 생성된 핵종의 방사능은 매우 낮게 나타나 종사자들에게 미치는 영향은 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 방사화된 콘크리트 해체 처분 시 방사능이 자체처분한도 미만으로 일반폐기물로써 처리되어야 하며, ¹⁴C의 영향을 최소화하기 위해 매립이 아닌 도로 보수와 같은 표층에 재활용 되어야 할 것이다. Neutrons are generated by the nuclear reaction, which is absorbed into the concrete wall and causes the activation during cyclotron operation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of neutron activation and radiative concrete on concrete type. This experiment used Monte Carlo simulation and RESRAD model. The results of the experiment showed that the higher the content of Fe in concrete, the greater the shielding rate. The effect of ⁵⁶Fe(n, 2np)⁵⁴Mn reaction on workers is also increased. However, radioactive nuclides have low activity and have very low impact on workers. Radioactive concrete should be treated as general wastes with less than its self-disposal tolerance level, and it should be recycled to the surface such as road repair rather than landfill to minimize the effect of ¹⁴C.

친환경 캠퍼스의 외부공간에 대한 수요자의 선호도 조사

정창헌(Cheong ChangHeon),신상화(Shin SangHwa),김동진(Kim DongJin),강재중(Kang JaeJoung) 한국주거환경학회 2016 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.14 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analysis the preference of the students on the outdoor spaces and the related facilities for creating the sustainable outdoor spaces in university campuses. The survey was conducted of students from three universities located in Jinju-si as the method of the study. Students preferred open spaces and green spaces the most, waterfront spaces the least as the outdoor space in university campus. Survey respondents preferred the spaces providing resting, amenity and communication as the general outdoor spaces. And they preferred the spaces providing functional and aesthetic satisfaction to the occupants as the sustainable outdoor spaces. Local community revitalization is the least responded among the reasons of preferring the outdoor spaces in campus. Students preferred bench, trash can and pergola as the facilities that needed at the outdoor spaces in campus. It seems students prefer the facilities to support their outdoor activities and rest-activities at the outdoor spaces. According to the overall result of the study, there are no significant differences between the preference for the general outdoor spaces and the preference for the sustainable outdoor spaces in campus. However, the study doesn’t clearly state the reason for the result from the preference survey stated above. This limit could be complemented in the later studies.

일반인들의 항공여객기 이용 시 우주방사선 피폭선량 비교 분석

장동근(Donggun Jang),신상화(Sanghwa Shin) 대한방사선과학회(구 대한방사선기술학회) 2018 방사선기술과학 Vol.41 No.4

Humans received an exposure dose of 2.4 mSv of natural radiation per year, of which the contribution of spacecraft accounts for about 75%. The crew of the aircraft has increased radiation exposure doses based on cosmic radiation safety management regulations There is no reference to air passengers. Therefore, in this study, we measured the radiation exposure dose received in the sky at high altitude during flight, and tried to compare the radiation exposure dose received by ordinary people during flight. We selected 20 sample specimens, including major tourist spots and the capital by continent with direct flights from Incheon International Airport. Using the CARI-6/6M model and the NAIRAS model, which are cosmic radiation prediction models provided at the National Radio Research Institute, we measured the cosmic radiation exposure dose by the selected flight and departure/arrival place. In the case of exposure dose, Beijing was the lowest at 2.87 μSv (NAIRAS) and 2.05 μSv (CARI - 6/6M), New York had the highest at 146.45 μSv (NAIRAS) and 79.42 μSv (CARI - 6/6M). We found that the route using Arctic routes at the same time and distance will receive more exposure dose than other paths. While the dose of cosmic radiation to be received during flight does not have a decisive influence on the human body, because of the greater risk of stochastic effects in the case of frequent flights and in children with high radiation sensitivity Institutional regulation should be prepared for this.

고령자 지원주택 수요․공급 분석 및 인식조사 연구

김병철(Byoungcheol Kim),안정근(Junggeun Ahn),신상화(Sanghwa Shin),배민철(Mincheul Bae),성재모(Jaemo Sung) 한국주거환경학회 2024 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.22 No.1

According to a survey on the elderly, the majority of elderly people prefer to spend their golden years receiving care at their place of residence rather than entering a nursing facility. However, if their health is frail or semi-dependent and they need care but do not have family members to take care of them, there is no other option other than a nursing facility. Since the introduction of long-term care insurance for the elderly, the increase in nursing facility protection is causing negative results by lowering the quality of life of the elderly and increasing social costs. As a solution to this situation, supportive housing for the elderly rather than nursing facilities is emerging as an alternative. The purpose of this study is to identify awareness of supportive housing for the elderly and priority supply areas in order to preemptively respond to a super-aged society and provide stable community housing for the elderly, and use it as important basic data when promoting future projects. To this end, we analyzed the awareness of public and private experts on the general indicators needed when establishing the elderly supportive housing project plan. In addition, we analyzed the demand for care by identifying the elderly population who are consumers of supportive housing, and analyzed the supply of care by analyzing the status of elderly welfare facilities with similar functions to supportive housing. By analyzing the discrepancy between care demand and care supply, we analyzed priority supply areas that urgently need supportive housing for the elderly. In a reality where we are expected to enter a super-aged society and face a rapid population aging, we are identifying the discrepancy between supply and demand for elderly care in order to improve the quality of life of the elderly and reduce social costs. Efforts to preemptively respond to a super-aged society through research and analysis of priority supply areas for supportive housing for the elderly are no longer an option but a necessity.

미기후 현상을 고려한 도시 공간구조 수립방안

기서진(Seojin Ki),이명은(Myoungeun Lee),오현철(Hyunchul Oh),신상화(Sanghwa Shin),정재우(Jaewoo Chung) 대한환경공학회 2020 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2020 No.11