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SALEEM, Faiza,LODHI, Saeed,ASIF, Muhammad Korea Distribution Science Association 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.6
Women entrepreneurs play a vital role in employment creation, economic development, and growth. Women entrepreneurship is deep-rooted in the social and cultural norms and values of society. Women's entrepreneurship contribution is still invisible and needs to be properly investigated. The current research study explores "how institutions affect women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan" by using institutional and social cognitive theories. Focusing on the Formal and informal institutions, this research examines how institutions are affecting women's entrepreneurial performance by taking the mediating role of women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision making. A 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire is used to collect primary data. Data on active entrepreneurs are collected from the Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions of KPK's Women Chambers of Commerce. The data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SMART PLS 3. The results indicated that women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision-making strongly mediate both institutions and significantly affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay due attention to determinants like informal institutions and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.
A Multi-layer Parallel Crack Extension Model for Deformational Response of Post-installed Anchor
Muhammad Saleem,Asad Ullah Qazi,Asif Hameed,Muhammad Aun Bashir 대한토목학회 2013 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.17 No.5
A simultaneous crack extension pull-out model for post-installed anchor bar is presented. The anchor bar is such that used in various strengthening techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete structures. The properties of the infill material used for postinstalled anchor bar are characterized by a nonlinear interface between the surrounding concrete and the anchor bar. This is a new type of anchor-infill assembly in which the infill material is divided into two layers for the purpose of providing a larger failure path length resulting in increase of the energy absorption and pull-out load capacity. The mechanical properties of the infill layer are different from the surrounding concrete. Therefore the existing pull-out model of deformed bars cannot be applied directly in this case. The interfacial de-bonding is examined by the strength criterion expressed in terms of interfacial shear stress. Pre-existing cracks representing artificial notches are assumed at the top of infill layers for identifying crack location and stabilizing its propagation direction. All the possibilities associated with two-cracks in the close vicinity have been investigated in detail. The objective of the analysis is to predict a set of material properties which result in simultaneous crack extension at the two interfaces and also to identify a simultaneous crack extension length which results in increasing the pull-out load capacity, increase in energy absorption and increased failure path length but achieved at lowest increase in pull-out deformation thereby proving the effectiveness of two-layer model. Limiting the pull-out deformation is desirable from the point of view of limiting damage.