Change of Gastric Emptying With Chewing Gum: Evaluation Using a Continuous Real-Time 13C Breath Test (BreathID System)

( Yasunari Sakamoto ),( Shingo Kato ),( Yusuke Sekino ),( Eiji Sakai ),( Takashi Uchiyama ),( Hiroshi Iida ),( Kunihiro Hosono ),( Hiroki Endo ),( Koji Fujita ),( Tomoko Koide ),( Hirokazu Takahashi ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2011 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.17 No.2

Background/Aims There are few reports on the correlation between chewing gum and the gastrointestinal functions. But previous report showed use of chewing gum to be an effective method for controlling gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between chewing gum and gastric emptying using the continuous real time 13C breath test (BreathID system). Methods Ten healthy male volunteers participated in this randomized, 2-way crossover study. The subjects fasted overnight and were randomly assigned to chewing gum (Xylish, 2-3/1 tablet) for an hour following intake of a test meal (200 kcal/200 mL) or intake of the test meal alone. Gastric emptying was monitored for 4 hours after administration of the test meal by the 13C-acetic acid breath test performed continually using the BreathID system. Results No significant differences in the calculated parameters, namely, T1/2 (median, 111.82 vs 109.26 minutes; P = 0.575), Tlag (median, 53.28 vs 56.53 minutes; P = 0.333), gastric emptying coefficient (median, 3.58 vs 3.65; P = 0.285), regression-estimated constant β (median, 1.85 vs 1.80; P = 0.575) and regression-estimated constant κ (median, 0.61 vs 0.62; P = 0.959) were observed between the test meal alone group and the test meal and chewing gum group. Conclusions This study showed that chewing gum had no effect on the rate of gastric emptying. Therefore, since chewing gum did not enhance the speed of gastric emptying, it may ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms through other mechanisms, such as saliva and autonomic nervous system. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:174-179)

Mosapride Accelerates the Delayed Gastric Emptying of High-Viscosity Liquids: A Crossover Study Using Continuous Real-Time 13C Breath Test (BreathID System)

( Yasunari Sakamoto ),( Yusuke Sekino ),( Eiji Yamada ),( Hidenori Ohkubo ),( Takuma Higurashi ),( Eiji Sakai ),( Hiroshi Iida ),( Kunihiro Hosono ),( Hiroki Endo ),( Takashi Nonaka ),( Tamon Ikeda ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2011 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.17 No.4

Background/Aims The administration of liquid nutrients to patients is often accompanied by complications such as gastroesophageal reflux. To prevent gastroesophageal reflux, high-viscosity liquid meals are used widely, however, it still remains controversial whether high-viscosity liquid meals have any effect on the rate of gastric emptying. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining whether high-viscosity liquid meals had any effect on the rate of gastric emptying and mosapride might accelerate the rate of gastric emptying of high-viscosity liquid meals. Methods Six healthy male volunteers underwent 3 tests at intervals of > 1 week. After fasting for > 8 hours, each subject received one of three test meals (liquid meal only, high-viscosity liquid meal [liquid meal plus pectin] only, or high-viscosity liquid meal 30 minutes after intake of mosapride). A 13C-acetic acid breath test was performed, which monitored the rate of gastric emptying for 4 hours. Using the Oridion Research Software (β version), breath test parameters were calculated. The study parameters were examined for all the 3 test conditions and compared using the Freidman test. Results Gastric emptying was significantly delayed following intake of a high-viscosity liquid meal alone as compared with a liquid meal alone; however, intake of mosapride prior to a high-viscosity liquid meal was associated with a significantly accelerated rate of gastric emptying as compared with a high-viscosity liquid meal alone. Conclusions This study showed that high-viscosity liquid meals delayed gastric emptying: however, mosapride recovered the delayed rate of gastric emptying by high-viscosity liquid meals. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:395-401)

Alkyl-chain dividing layer at an alcohol/ionic liquid buried interface studied by sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Iwahashi, Takashi,Sakai, Yasunari,Kanai, Kaname,Kim, Doseok,Ouchi, Yukio Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.12 No.40

<P>We demonstrate for the first time the formation of a non-polar alkyl-chain dividing layer between a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) and an <I>n</I>-alcohol. This newly described non-polar interfacial layer, which should be more hydrophobic than both RTIL and alcohol phases, might find applications in liquid/liquid reaction systems, or serve as a soft nano-functional space.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A non-polar alkyl-chain dividing layer is found to exist between butanol and the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0cp00520g'> </P>

Liquid/liquid interface layering of 1-butanol and [bmim]PF₆ ionic liquid: a nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation study

Iwahashi, Takashi,Ishiyama, Tatsuya,Sakai, Yasunari,Morita, Akihiro,Kim, Doseok,Ouchi, Yukio The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.17 No.38

<P>IR-visible sum-frequency generation (IV-SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were used to study the local layering order at the interface of 1-butanol-d<SUB>9</SUB> and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF<SUB>6</SUB>), a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). The presence of a local non-polar layer at the interface of the two polar liquids was successfully demonstrated. In the SFG spectra of 1-butanol-d<SUB>9</SUB>, we observed significant reduction and enhancement in the strength of the CD<SUB>3</SUB> symmetric stretching (<I>r</I><SUP>+</SUP>) mode and the antisymmetric stretching (<I>r</I><SUP>−</SUP>) mode peaks, respectively. The results can be well explained by the presence of an oppositely oriented quasi-bilayer structure of butanol molecules, where the bottom layer is strongly bound by hydrogen-bonding with the PF<SUB>6</SUB><SUP>−</SUP> anion. MD simulations reveal that the hydrogen-bonding of butanol with the PF<SUB>6</SUB><SUP>−</SUP> anion causes the preferential orientation of the butanols; the restriction on the rotational distribution of the terminal methyl group along their <I>C</I><SUB>3</SUB> axis enhances the <I>r</I><SUP>−</SUP> mode. As for the [bmim]<SUP>+</SUP> cations, the SFG spectra taken within the CH stretch region indicate that the butyl chain of [bmim]<SUP>+</SUP> points away from the bulk RTIL phase to the butanol phase at the interface. Combining the SFG spectroscopy and MD simulation results, we propose an interfacial model structure of layering, in which the butyl chains of the butanol molecules form a non-polar interfacial layer with the butyl chains of the [bmim]<SUP>+</SUP> cations at the interface.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>IV-SFG vibrational spectroscopy and MD simulation studies reveal a local polar/nonpolar layering structure at the interface of 1-butanol-d<SUB>9</SUB> and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF<SUB>6</SUB>). <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c5cp03307a'> </P>

IV-SFG studies on the effect of Li⁺ in extending the electrochemical window at the Pt|[C₂mim][FSA] interface

Iwahashi, Takashi,Miwa, Yujiro,Zhou, Wei,Sakai, Yasunari,Yamagata, Masaki,Ishikawa, Masashi,Kim, Doseok,Ouchi, Yukio Elsevier 2016 Electrochemistry Communications Vol.72 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The effect of Li<SUP>+</SUP> addition at the interface of a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide ([C<SUB>2</SUB>mim][FSA]) room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) and a Pt electrode is investigated by infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (IV-SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Addition of Li<SUP>+</SUP> to the Pt|[C<SUB>2</SUB>mim][FSA] system results in the extension of the electrochemical window (EW) by >1.0V at its negative edge. The potential dependence of the SF signal reveals that the [FSA]<SUP>−</SUP> anion of neat [C<SUB>2</SUB>mim][FSA] is desorbed at −1.5V while it remains in place even at −2.0V when Li<SUP>+</SUP> is added. The SFG spectra indicate that the [FSA]<SUP>−</SUP> anion at the Pt|[C<SUB>2</SUB>mim][FSA] interface interacts with Li<SUP>+</SUP> at the interface with the negatively-charged Pt electrode. This [FSA]<SUP>−</SUP> anion layer anchored through Li<SUP>+</SUP> suppresses [C<SUB>2</SUB>mim]<SUP>+</SUP> cation adsorption on the negatively-charged Pt electrode, resulting in a wider electrochemical window.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Li<SUP>+</SUP> addition to Pt|[C<SUB>2</SUB>mim][FSA] extends EW by >1V at the negative edge. </LI> <LI> IV-SFG directly probes the presence of [FSA]<SUP>−</SUP> on Pt. </LI> <LI> Without Li<SUP>+</SUP>, [FSA]<SUP>−</SUP> desorbs from Pt at −1.0V. </LI> <LI> Li<SUP>+</SUP> is adsorbed on Pt to anchor [FSA]<SUP>−</SUP> to suppress [C2mim]<SUP>+</SUP> adsorption at −2.0V. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>