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A review of seismic design recommendations in Jordan
Saffarini, Hassan S. Techno-Press 2000 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.9 No.3
The seismic design recommendations of the Jordan Code for Loads and Forces (JC) are evaluated, based on comparisons with analytical studies and the Uniform Building Code. It was established that the overall safety ensured by the implementation of these recommendations is not consistent with the established seismic risk in Jordan and the intended objectives of the code. A new zoning map is proposed with effective peak ground acceleration values. The different period formulae of the code were studied and were found to grossly underestimate the fundamental period when compared with analytically derived values or other codes' formulae. Other factors including the dynamic, soil, importance and behavior factors are discussed. It was determined that the JC's lateral load distribution formulae clearly lead to smaller internal forces than both dynamic analysis and UBC loads, even when those loads are normalized to give the same base shear. The main reason for this is attributed to the limited allowance for a backlash force in the JC.
Gorby, Y. A.,Yanina, S.,McLean, J. S.,Rosso, K. M.,Moyles, D.,Dohnalkova, A.,Beveridge, T. J.,Chang, I. S.,Kim, B. H.,Kim, K. S.,Culley, D. E.,Reed, S. B.,Romine, M. F.,Saffarini, D. A.,Hill, E. A.,Sh Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.103 No.30
<P>Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 produced electrically conductive pilus-like appendages called bacterial nanowires in direct response to electron-acceptor limitation. Mutants deficient in genes for c-type decaheme cytochromes MtrC and OmcA, and those that lacked a functional Type II secretion pathway displayed nanowires that were poorly conductive. These mutants were also deficient in their ability to reduce hydrous ferric oxide and in their ability to generate current in a microbial fuel cell. Nanowires produced by the oxygenic phototrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 and the thermophilic, fermentative bacterium Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum reveal that electrically conductive appendages are not exclusive to dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria and may, in fact, represent a common bacterial strategy for efficient electron transfer and energy distribution.</P>