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EU-NORTH KOREAN RELATIONS: NO EFFORT WITHOUT REASON
Ruediger Frank 통일연구원 2002 International journal of korean unification studie Vol.11 No.2
The article reviews the achievements in economic and political relations between the EU and the DPRK so far. It analyzes the interests of both sides, pinpoints controversial and inconsistent issues and provides an outlook on possible future developments and implications. The European engagement in (North) Korea is quantified by using a comparative perspective based on data on the North Korean activities of South Korea and international organizations, leading to an explanation for the pace and scope of Europe’s involvement. In particular, aid and humanitarian assistance, trade and political exchange are analyzed. It becomes obvious - and this is the major finding of the paper - that there is a strong contrast between private European activities, which do not appear to be above average, and state-coordinated and state activities. The latter are remarkably substantial if compared to other countries and the overall European interest in (North) Korea. This contradiction can partially be explained by a dominance of internal over external concerns in current EU policy on one hand and the latter’s role in a global tripartite partnership with the USA and Japan on the other. The article reviews the achievements in economic and political relations between the EU and the DPRK so far. It analyzes the interests of both sides, pinpoints controversial and inconsistent issues and provides an outlook on possible future developments and implications. The European engagement in (North) Korea is quantified by using a comparative perspective based on data on the North Korean activities of South Korea and international organizations, leading to an explanation for the pace and scope of Europe’s involvement. In particular, aid and humanitarian assistance, trade and political exchange are analyzed. It becomes obvious - and this is the major finding of the paper - that there is a strong contrast between private European activities, which do not appear to be above average, and state-coordinated and state activities. The latter are remarkably substantial if compared to other countries and the overall European interest in (North) Korea. This contradiction can partially be explained by a dominance of internal over external concerns in current EU policy on one hand and the latter’s role in a global tripartite partnership with the USA and Japan on the other.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SANCTIONS AGAINST NORTH KOREA
Ruediger Frank 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2006 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.30 No.3
This article explores sanctions as a policy tool to coerce North Korea’s behavior, such as by discontinuing its nuclear-weapons program. It discusses the characteristics of sanctions as well as the practical experience with these restrictions on North Korea. It becomes clear that the concrete goals of coercion through sanctions and the relative power of the sending country to a large extent determine the outcome. Nevertheless, the general limitations of sanctions also apply, including the detrimental effects of unilateral and prolonged restrictions. It appears that the imposition of sanctions against the DPRK is unlikely to succeed. As an alternative way of changing the operating environment for North Korea, assistance deserves consideration. Despite many weaknesses, this instrument is relatively low in cost and risk, and can be applied continuously and flexibly.