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( Martin Skott ),( Rikke Nørregaard ),( Hanne Birke Sørensen ),( Johan Palmfeldt ),( Tae Hwan Kwon ),( Thomas Jonassen ),( Jørgen Frøkiær ),( Søren Nielsen ) 대한신장학회 2014 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.33 No.2
Background: The primary aim of the study was to investigate the cytokine/chemokine response in the kidney, lung, and liver following acute kidney injury(AKI). The secondary aim was to test whether α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(α-MSH) could prevent a reduction in organ function, and attenuate the inflammatorycytokine/chemokine response within the kidney, lung, and liver following AKIin rats with or without preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: A two-stage animal model, in which AKI was induced in rats withpreexisting CKD, induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), was used. Six weeks later, AKIwas induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IIR). Sham procedures [S(Nx)and S(IIR)] were also performed. Results: Increasing levels of serum creatinine (sCr) demonstrated progressive developmentof CKD in response to Nx, and following IIR sCr levels increased furthersignificantly, except in the S(Nx) group treated with α-MSH. However, no significantdifferences in the fractional increase in sCr were observed between any of the groupsexposed to IIR. In kidney, lung, and liver tissue the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β weresignificantly higher in rats undergoing IIR when compared to the S(IIR) and control rats. The same pattern was observed for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein(MCP)-1 in lung and liver tissue. Furthermore, kidney IL-1β and RANTES levels weresignificantly increased after IIR in the Nx rats compared to the S(Nx) rats. Conclusion: Both the functional parameters and the cytokine/chemokine response areas dramatic when AKI is superimposed onto CKD as onto non-CKD. No convincingprotective effect of α-MSH was detected.
Applied mediation analyses : a review and tutorial
Theis Lange,Kim Wadt Hansen,Rikke Sørensen,Søren Galatius 한국역학회 2017 Epidemiology and Health Vol.39 No.-
In recent years, mediation analysis has emerged as a powerful tool to disentangle causal pathways from an exposure/treatment to clinically relevant outcomes. Mediation analysis has been applied in scientific fields as diverse as labour market relations and randomized clinical trials of heart disease treatments. In parallel to these applications, the underlying mathematical theory and computer tools have been refined. This combined review and tutorial will introduce the reader to modern mediation analysis including: the mathematical framework; required assumptions; and software implementation in the R package medflex. All results are illustrated using a recent study on the causal pathways stemming from the early invasive treatment of acute coronary syndrome, for which the rich Danish population registers allow us to follow patients’ medication use and more after being discharged from hospital.