2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis : An International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rh

Aggarwal, Rohit,Rider, Lisa G,Ruperto, Nicolino,Bayat, Nastaran,Erman, Brian,Feldman, Brian M,Oddis, Chester V,Amato, Anthony A,Chinoy, Hector,Cooper, Robert G,Dastmalchi, Maryam,Fiorentino, David,Ise H. K. Lewis 2017 Annals of the rheumatic diseases Vol.76 No.5

<P>To develop response criteria for adult dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). Expert surveys, logistic regression, and conjoint analysis were used to develop 287 definitions using core set measures. Myositis experts rated greater improvement among multiple pairwise scenarios in conjoint analysis surveys, where different levels of improvement in 2 core set measures were presented. The PAPRIKA (Potentially All Pairwise Rankings of All Possible Alternatives) method determined the relative weights of core set measures and conjoint analysis definitions. The performance characteristics of the definitions were evaluated on patient profiles using expert consensus (gold standard) and were validated using data from a clinical trial. The nominal group technique was used to reach consensus. Consensus was reached for a conjoint analysis-based continuous model using absolute per cent change in core set measures (physician, patient, and extramuscular global activity, muscle strength, Health Assessment Questionnaire, and muscle enzyme levels). A total improvement score (range 0-100), determined by summing scores for each core set measure, was based on improvement in and relative weight of each core set measure. Thresholds for minimal, moderate, and major improvement were >= 20, >= 40, and >= 60 points in the total improvement score. The same criteria were chosen for juvenile DM, with different improvement thresholds. Sensitivity and specificity in DM/ PM patient cohorts were 85% and 92%, 90% and 96%, and 92% and 98% for minimal, moderate, and major improvement, respectively. Definitions were validated in the clinical trial analysis for differentiating the physician rating of improvement (p< 0.001). The response criteria for adult DM/ PM consisted of the conjoint analysis model based on absolute per cent change in 6 core set measures, with thresholds for minimal, moderate, and major improvement.</P>

2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Criteria for Minimal, Moderate, and Major Clinical Response in Adult Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis: An International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rhe

Aggarwal, Rohit,Rider, Lisa G.,Ruperto, Nicolino,Bayat, Nastaran,Erman, Brian,Feldman, Brian M.,Oddis, Chester V.,Amato, Anthony A.,Chinoy, Hector,Cooper, Robert G.,Dastmalchi, Maryam,Fiorentino, Davi John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2017 Arthritis & Rheumatology Vol.69 No.5

<P>Conclusion. The response criteria for adult DM/PM consisted of the conjoint analysis model based on absolute percent change in 6 core set measures, with thresholds for minimal, moderate, and major improvement.</P>

Marriage in Korea III. Age at Marriage, Family Planning Practices, and Other Variables as Correlates or Fertility

Kim, Mo-Im,Rider, Rowland V.,Harper, Paul A.,Yang, Jae-Mo The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 1974 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.1 No.1

Data from this study support the View that the following factors are not sufficiently important in Korea to invalidate the relationships observed between age of marriage and fertility: (1) Premarital pregnancy and common law marriage, (2) shortening of birth intervals in late marriages, (3) adverse effects of very eary marriage in reproductive capacity, and (4) postponement of first pregnancy among early marriages. Thirteen variables which were considered to be potential predictors of fertility were studied to determine their influence on three indices of fertility. Age of marriage and family planning praetice are the strongest predictors and account for about 10% and 7% of the total variance, respectively. Seven other factors each account for an intermediate amount of variability; these are ideal number of children, rural versus urban study area, education, aspiration for daughter, index of exposure to mass media, economic index of respondent's home at survey, and residence before marriage. The remaining variables have no consistently significant relationship to fertility. Most of the relationships appear to be stable and consistent over time; others appear to be changing. The latter group include those variables which are associated with modernization indices of family planning practice, mass media exposure. and aspiration for daughters. Thus, the index of family planning practice is of limited significance for the $40{\sim}49$ age group but is the most important variable for the $20{\sim}29$ year women. The relationship is a direct one for the two age groups between 30 and 49 years which suggests that these groups already had high fertility when family planning services became available and that this high fertility then became an inducement to acccept contraception. The pattern of relationship is not yet clear for the $20{\sim}29$ year group. Similar interactions are observed for the other indices of modernity and are discussed. The thirteen variables together can account for a maximum of about 40% of the variance in the number of live births in the age group $30{\sim}39$, and for lesser amounts of variance in other age and fertility groupings.

Study of Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Morphological Behaviours of Fly AshReinforced Polypropylene Composites

Dilip C. D. Nath,Sri Bandyopadhyay,John Rider,Aibing Yu,Darryl Blackburn,Chris White 한국고분자학회 2011 Macromolecular Research Vol.19 No.4

isotactic-Polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with 20, 45, and 60 wt% fly ash (FA) were prepared by injection molding at 483 K. The thermo-mechanical and morphological behaviors of PP and composites were examined. The addition of FA led to significant enhancement of both storage (E') and loss modulus (E'') of the composites compared to those of PP at a given temperature, supporting the view of the formation of an interfacial interaction between the surfaces of PP and FA. By increasing the temperature from 303 to 423 K, these properties decreased exponentially, and indicated the temperature-activated mobility of segmental chains of PP. The tangent δcurves of PP and composites showed broader patterns. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was assigned at 343 K for PP and 245-246 K for the composites. In the theoretical calculation of the storage modulus and tangent δ, the modifications were required in the existing equations to fit the experimental data well. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of spherical FA particles in the composites. The calculated interfacial interaction between the FA and PP surfaces was 1.85, which is similar with other composite systems.

Apparent and standardized ileal nutrient digestibility of broiler diets containing varying levels of raw full-fat soybean and microbial protease

Erdaw, Mammo M.,Perez-Maldonado, Rider A.,Iji, Paul A. Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology 2017 한국축산학회지 Vol.59 No.10

Background: Although soybean meal (SBM) is excellent source of protein in diets for poultry, it is sometimes inaccessible, costly and fluctuates in supply. The SBM can partially be replaced by full-fat SBM, but the meals prepared from raw full-fat soybean contain antinutritional factors. To avoid the risk of antinutritional factors, heat treatment is always advisable, but either excessive or under heating the soybean could negatively affect the quality. However, the potential for further improvement of SBM by supplementing with microbial enzymes has been suggested by many researchers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of birds fed on diets containing raw soybeans and supplemented with microbial protease. Methods: A $3{\times}2$ factorial, involving 3 levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS; 0, 45 or 75 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg) was used. The birds were raised in a climate-controlled room. A nitrogen-free diet was also offered to a reference group from day 19 to 24 to determine protein and amino acid flow at the terminal ileum and calculate the standardized ileal digestibility of nutrients. On days 10, 24 and 35, body weight and feed leftover were recorded to calculate the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 24, samples of ileal digesta were collected at least from two birds per replicate. Results: When RFFS was increased from 0 to 75 g/kg of diet, the content of trypsin inhibitors was increased from 1747 to 10,193 trypsin inhibitors unit (TIU)/g of diets, and feed consumption of birds was also reduced (P < 0.05). Increasing RFFS level reduced the BWG from hatch 0 to 10 d (P < 0.01) and hatch to 24 d (P < 0.05). The BWG of birds from hatch to 35 was not significantly (P = 0.07) affected. Feed intake was also reduced (P < 0.05) during 0 to 35 d. However, protease supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the BWG and FCR during 0 to 24 d. Rising levels of RFFS increased the weight of pancreas (P < 0.001) and small intestine (P < 0.001) at day 24. Except for methionine, apparent and the corresponding standardized ileal digestibility of CP and AA were reduced (P < 0.01) by increasing levels of RFFS in diets. Conclusion: This study showed that some commercial SBM could be replaced by RFFS in broiler diets, without markedly compromising productivity. The AID and SID of CP and lysine were slightly improved by dietary supplementation of microbial protease.

Marriage in Korea I. Evidence of Changing Attitudes and Practice

Kim, Mo-Im,Harper, Paul A.,Rider, Rowland V.,Yang, Jae-Mo The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 1975 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.2 No.2

Seven aspects of attitude toward marriage in Korea are examined to better understand present and future marriage patterns. Also, various facets of current marriage practice are compared with attitudes. The study comprises three groups of roughly 600 women each, selected by random sampling from a rural, an urban, and a semi-urban area. A carefully designed and pretested questionnaire was checked for reliability by a reinterview in a 15% subsample. The great majority of Korean women support traditional attitudes that one must or should marry. The small group who recommend that one should not marry are mostly the very young or the never married, whose attitudes still may change. However, there are important and probably predictive shifts in favor of more individual decision, especially among the better educated, the young, and the more urban. Traditional reasons for marriage such as "custom" and procreation are ranked first by a majority, but there is a large shift to more contemporary or liberal desire for companionship and love, also primarily among the better educated, the urban, the young, and the never married. The traditional attitude that parents should have the sole or major role in mate selection is still held by a bare majority; the educated, urban, young, and never married are more liberal. Only 6% opt for each of the two extremes: That the parent alone or the respondent alone should decide. The remainder prefer one of the two middle-of-the-road positions where parent and child together decide. The proportions of respondents who classed specified criteria as moat important for selecting a husband, arranging the criteria in order from traditional to contemporary were: Lineage, etc., 23%; personal attributes, 40%; health and education, 27%; and love, 10%. The changing attitudes are suggested by the fact that love was ranked first by only 3% of the poorly educated rural poulation versus 23% of urban college level and 31% of the urban never married. There has been a substantial rise in the ideal age of marriage over the past twelve or more years, but there also is evidence that the ideal age is at or near a ceiling. Knowledge about legal age of marriage is minimal; the implications of this for proposed legislation are discussed. Three-fifthes to four-fifths of all respondents married husbands of the same religious, residential, and economic backgrounds as themselves. Almost all of them married men of the same or higher educational level. These evidences of traditional influences in mate selection are contrasted with the low priority given some of those items in earlier questions on reasons for marriage and criterion for selecting husband. Contrary to the expressed attitudes as to who should select the husband, we find that marriages of the study sample were stated to be arranged by parents alone in 62%; and in another 23%, the parents made the decision but asked the respondent's views. Such arrangements were most frequent among the rural, the less educated, and the older respondents and less common in the urban and more educated. The implications of these and related findings are discussed.

Dietary protease improves growth rate and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs

( Jeong Jae Lee ),( Jeehwan Choe ),( Joowon Kang ),( Jin Ho Cho ),( Sangwoo Park ),( Rider Perez-maldonado ),( Jee-yeon Cho ),( Il-hun Park ),( Hyeun Bum Kim ),( Minho Song ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.3

This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ± 2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing (p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods (p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion, the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.

Effects of dietary protease on immune responses of weaned pigs

( Jeong Jae Lee ),( Joowon Kang ),( Sangwoo Park ),( Jin Ho Cho ),( Sejong Oh ),( Dong-jun Park ),( Rider Perez-maldonado ),( Jee-yeon Cho ),( Il-hun Park ),( Hyeun Bum Kim ),( Minho Song ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.2

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of dietary protease on immune responses of weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 75; 7.06 ± 0.18 kg BW; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 pens/treatment). Dietary treatments were positive control, a diet with required protein level (PC), negative control, a diet with lower protein level than PC (NC), and NC + 0.02% dietary protease (PRO). The dietary protease used in this experiment was a commercial product containing 75,000 protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. The dietary treatments did not contain any ingredients or additives that may provide antibacterial or physiological effects. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 6 weeks. Blood was collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen on d 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. Measurements were number of white blood cells (WBC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Pigs fed PRO had lower WBC on d 7 (14.84 vs 20.42 × 103/ μL; p < 0.05) and TNF-α on d 7 (618 vs 889 pg/mL; p = 0.085) and 14 (437 vs 576 pg/mL; p = 0.069) than those fed NC, but there were no differences on WBC and TNF-α between PC and PRO. Pigs fed PRO had lower TGF-β1 on d 3 (630 vs. 1,588 and 1,396 pg/mL; p < 0.05) than those fed PC and NC. However, no differences were found on CRP among dietary treatments. In conclusion, addition of dietary protease reduced inflammatory immune responses of weaned pigs.

The Spatial Diffusion of War: The Case of World War I

Sang-Hyun Chi(지상현),Colin Flint,Paul Diehl,John Vasquez,Jurgen Scheffran,Steven M. Radil,Toby J. Rider 대한지리학회 2014 대한지리학회지 Vol.49 No.1

전통적으로 전쟁의 확산에 관한 연구는, 전쟁에 참여하는 양국의 관계에 초점을 맞추어왔으며 국가 간의 관계가 전쟁의 과정에서 변하지 않는다는 가정에 기반하여 왔다. 본 연구는 기존의 접근방법이 전쟁 확산의 공간적 측면을 설명하기에는 부족함을 보여주고 있다. 네트워크 공간에서의 전쟁확산을 이해하기 위해, 사회연결망 분석을 이용하여 제1차 세계대전에 참전한 국가의 행위를 분석하였다. 사회연결망 분석기법의 적용은 기존의 갈등연구에서 나타나고 있는 물리적 공간과 네트워크의 이분법적 이해를 극복하는 시도가 된다. 연구의 결과는, 국가들이 맺는 관계(지속적인 갈등, 동맹)가 만들어내는 네트워크의 구조적 속성이 개별 국가 간의 관계만큼이나 중요하다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 또한 분쟁의 확산을 이끌어내는 요인이 전쟁이 진행되면서 변화한다는 점을 확인할 수 있는데, 지리적 인접성은 전쟁 초기에는 중요하지만 전쟁이 확산됨에 따라 동맹관계, 기존에 유지되어온 적대적 관계와 이로써 생성되는 국제관계의 네트워크 구조가 더욱 중요한 것으로 나타났다. Conventional treatments of war diffusion focus extensively on dyadic relationships, whose impact is thought to be immutable over the course of the conflict. This study indicates that such conceptions are at best incomplete, and more likely misleading to explain the spatial diffusion of wars. Using social network analysis, we examine war joining behavior during World War I. By employing social network analysis, we attempted to overcome the dichotomous understanding of geography as space and network in the discipline of conflict studies. Empirically, networked structural elements of state relationships (e.g., rivalry, alliances) have explanatory and predictive value that must be included alongside dyadic considerations in analyzing war joining behavior. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that the diffusion of conflict involves different driving forces over time.

Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs

( Sangwoo Park ),( Jeong Jae Lee ),( Boung Mo Yang ),( Jin Ho Cho ),( Soyun Kim ),( Joowon Kang ),( Sejong Oh ),( Dong-jun Park ),( Rider Perez-maldonado ),( Jee-yeon Cho ),( Il-hun Park ),( Hyeun Bum 한국축산학회 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.1

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary protease (PR) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. A total of 75 weaned pigs [7.06 ± 0.18 kg of average body weight (BW); 28 day old] were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (blocks = BW and sex): a diet based on corn and soybean meal to meet the requirement of crude protein (CP) as a positive control (PC; CP = 24.49%), a low protein diet as a negative control (NC; CP = 22.51%), and NC + 0.02% PR. The PR used in this study was a commercial product containing 75,000 protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. Pigs were fed the dietary treatments for 6 weeks and the diets containing 0.2% chromic oxide for the last week of this study. Blood, feces, ileal digesta, and ileum samples were collected from randomly selected two pigs in each pen on respective time points. Measurements were growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), CP, and energy, frequency of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), and ileal morphology of weaned pigs. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher (p < 0.05) final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during overall experimental period than those fed NC. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher (p < 0.05) AID or ATTD of DM, CP, or energy than those fed NC. Moreover, pigs fed PR had higher ratio between villus height and crypt depth (p < 0.05) and number of goblet cells (p < 0.05) than those fed NC. Addition of PR decreased (p < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea for the first two weeks after weaning compared with PC and NC. In addition, pigs fed PR had lower (p < 0.05) PCV on d 14 after weaning than those fed PC and NC. In conclusion, addition of PR in nursery diets with a low protein level significantly improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs