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EVIDENCES OF EPISODIC MASS ACCRETION IN LOW-LUMINOSITY EMBEDDED PROTOSTARS
Kim, Hyo Jeong,Evans, Neal J. II,Dunham, Michael M.,Lee, Jeong-Eun,Pontoppidan, Klaus M. The Korean Astronomical Society 2012 天文學論叢 Vol.27 No.4
We present Spitzer IRS spectroscopy of $CO_2$ ice toward 19 young stellar objects (YSOs) with luminosity lower than $1L_{\odot}$. Pure $CO_2$ ice forms only at elevated temperatures, T > 20 K, and thus at higher luminosities. Current internal luminosities of YSOs with L < $1L_{\odot}$ do not provide such conditions out to radii of typical envelopes. Significant amounts of pure $CO_2$ ice would signify a higher past luminosity. We analyze $15.2{\mu}m$ $CO_2$ ice bending mode absorption lines in comparison to the laboratory data. We decompose pure $CO_2$ ice from 12 out of 19 young low luminosity sources. The presence of the pure $CO_2$ ice component indicates high dust temperature and hence high luminosity in the past. The sum of all the ice components (total $CO_2$ ice amount) can be explained by a long period of low luminosity stage between episodic accretion bursts as predicted in an episodic accretion scenario. Chemical modeling shows that the episodic accretion scenario explains the observed total $CO_2$ ice amount best.
Kim, Hyo Jeong,Evans II, Neal J.,Dunham, Michael M.,Lee, Jeong-Eun,Pontoppidan, Klaus M. IOP Publishing 2012 The Astrophysical journal Vol.758 No.1
<P>We present Spitzer IRS spectroscopy of CO2 ice bending mode spectra at 15.2 mu m toward 19 young stellar objects (YSOs) with luminosity lower than 1L(circle dot) (3 with luminosity lower than 0.1 L-circle dot). Ice on dust grain surfaces can encode the history of heating because pure CO2 ice forms only at elevated temperature, T > 20 K, and thus around protostars of higher luminosity. Current internal luminosities of YSOs with L < 1L(circle dot) do not provide the conditions needed to produce pure CO2 ice at radii where typical envelopes begin. The presence of detectable amounts of pure CO2 ice would signify a higher past luminosity. Many of the spectra require a contribution from a pure, crystalline CO2 component, traced by the presence of a characteristic band splitting in the 15.2 mu m bending mode. About half of the sources (9 out of 19) in the low-luminosity sample have evidence for pure CO2 ice, and 6 of these have significant double-peaked features, which are very strong evidence of pure CO2 ice. The presence of the pure CO2 ice component indicates that the dust temperature, and hence luminosity of the central star/accretion disk system, must have been higher in the past. An episodic accretion scenario, in which mixed CO-CO2 ice is converted to pure CO2 ice during each high-luminosity phase, explains the presence of pure CO2 ice, the total amount of CO2 ice, and the observed residual (CO)-O-18 gas.</P>