Spatial Analysis of Colorectal Cancer in Iran

Pakzad, Reza,Moudi, Asieh,Pournamdar, Zahra,Pakzad, Iraj,Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah,Momenimovahed, Zohre,Salehiniya, Hamid,Towhidi, Farhad,Makhsosi, Behnam Reza Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.no.sup3

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers. Due to demographic changes, it is predicted that the incidence of this cancer will increase. Variations of its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there have been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present assessment of spatial patterns of colorectal cancer incidence in Iran was performed. In this ecological study, the new cases of colon cancer were extracted from Cancer Registry Center report of the Health Deputy of Iran in 2009. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi) high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that are higher or lower than the national average (1.9 SD) were considered hot spots or cold spots, significant at the level of 0.05. A total of 6,210 cases of colorectal cancer were registered in Iran in 2009, of which 3,727 were in men and 2,783 in women (age-standardized rates of 11.3 and 10.9 per 100,000 population, respectively). The results showed that in central and northern Iran including Isfahan, Qom, Tehran, Qazvin and Mazandaran significant hot spots in men were present (p <0.05). In women also we have high incidence in northern and central states: Mazandaran province (p<0.01) and the province of Tehran (p<0.05) had higher incidences than the national average and were apparent as significant hot spots. Analysis of the spatial distribution of colorectal cancer showed significant differences between different areas pointing to the necessity for further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection.

Incidence and Mortality of Bladder Cancer and their Relationship with Development in Asia

Pakzad, Reza,Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah,Mohammadian, Mahdi,Pakzad, Iraj,Safiri, Saeid,Khazaei, Salman,Salehiniya, Hamid Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.16

Background: Over the past decade, bladder cancer was associated with a significant increase. Given the importance of the impact of socioeconomic status on the distribution of cancer incidence and mortality, and the need to information on these parameters for prevention planning, the aim of this study was to evaluate data for bladder cancer and their relationship with human development index (HDI) and its components in Asia in 2012. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted based on data from the world data of cancer and the World Bank (including the HDI and its components). The incidence and mortality rates were drawn for Asian countries. To analyze data, correlation tests between incidence and death rates, and HDI and its components were employed with a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software. Results: A total incidence of 696,231 cases (68.7% in males and 31.3% in females, sex ratio of 2.19:1) and 524,465 deaths (67.0% in men and 32.9% in women, sex ratio was 2.03:1) were recorded in Asian countries in 2012. Correlation between HDI and standardized incidence rate was 0.241 overall (p=0.106), 0.236 in men (p=0.114) and -0.250 in women (p=0.094). Also between HDI and standardized mortality rate 0.025 (p=0.871) in men 0.118 (p=0.903) and in women 0.014 (p=0.927). Conclusions: Bladder cancer incidence is higher in developed countries, but the rate is declining, and in less developed and developing countries it is growing. There was no statistically significant correlation between the standardized incidence rate of bladder cancer and the HDI and its dimensions in Asia, except for the level of education.

Spatial Analysis of Skin Cancer Incidence in Iran

Pakzad, Reza,Ghoncheh, Mahshid,Pournamdar, Zahra,Pakzad, Iraj,Momenimovahed, Zohre,Salehiniya, Hamid,Towhidi, Farhad,Makhsosi, Behnam Reza Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.no.sup3

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, including in Iran. Variations in its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there has been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present spatial analysis of skin cancer incidence in Iran in 2009 was conducted using data from the cancer registry system for the country. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi), high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that were 1.9 SD higher or lower than the national average were considered hot spots or cold spots, with significance at the level of 0.05. In 2009, a total of 9,964 cases of skin cancer occurred, 3,696 in women and 6,268 in men (standardized incidence rates of 15.8 and 22.6, respectively). The results of the study showed that in men and women, the disease demonstrated high incidence in the central provinces and desert regions. In women, Yazd Province and in men, Qom Province had significant hot spots (p <0.05). While Isfahan, Markazi, Tehran and Kurdistan provinces were expected to be hot spots, the differences from the national average were not significant at the 0.05 level. As well, the provinces of Sistan Va Baluchistan, Kerman, and Hormozgan were identified as cold or low-risk disease regions (p <0.05). The central provinces of the country due to hot weather conditions, more solar radiation, and closer vicinity to the central desert of Iran demonstrated higher incidence rates for skin cancer, so further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection are essential in these areas.

Spatial Analysis of Stomach Cancer Incidence in Iran

Pakzad, Reza,Khani, Yousef,Pakzad, Iraj,Momenimovahed, Zohre,Mohammadian-Hashejani, Abdollah,Salehiniya, Hamid,Towhidi, Farhad,Makhsosi, Behnam Reza Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.no.sup3

Stomach cancer, the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death through the world, is very common in parts of Iran. Geographic variation in the incidence of stomach cancer is due to many different factors. The aim of this study was to assess the geographical and spatial distribution of stomach cancer in Iran using data from the cancer registry program in Iran for the year 2009. The reported incidences of stomach cancer for different provinces were standardized to the world population structure. ArcGIS software was used to analyse the data. Hot spots and high risk areas were determined using spatial analysis (Getis-Ord Gi). Hot and cold spots were determined as more than or less than 2 standard deviations from the national average, respectively. A significance level of 0.10 was used for statistical judgment. In 2009, a total of 6,886 cases of stomach cancers were reported of which 4,891 were in men and 1,995 in women (standardized incidence rates of 19.2 and 10.0, respectively, per 100,000 population). The results showed that stomach cancer was concentrated mainly in northwest of the country in both men and women. In women, northwest provinces such as Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Gilan, and Qazvin were identified as hot spots (p<0.1). In men, all northwest provinces, Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Qazvin, Zanjan and Kurdistan, the incidences were higher than the national average and these were identified as hot spots (P<0.01). As stomach cancer is clustered in the northwest of the country, further epidemiological studies are needed to identify factors contributing to this concentration.

Stability Analysis of Time-Delayed Linear Fractional-Order Systems

Mohammad Ali Pakzad,Sara Pakzad,Mohammad Ali Nekoui 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2013 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.11 No.3

In this article, an exact and robust method for the determination of all the possible stability regions in the parametric space has been presented for the fractional order systems with time delay. Using the approach presented in this study, first, the transcendental terms have been eliminated from the characteristic equation and then, all the locations on the imaginary axis crossed by the roots and also their direction of crossing have been calculated. Finally, the concept of the stability as a function of the time delay has been described for a general class of linear fractional order systems with several commensurate delays. Prior to the conclusion, several examples have been given to validate the results of the proposed approach.

Development and deployment of large scale wireless sensor network on a long-span bridge

Pakzad, Shamim N. Techno-Press 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.5

Testing and validation processes are critical tasks in developing a new hardware platform based on a new technology. This paper describes a series of experiments to evaluate the performance of a newly developed MEMS-based wireless sensor node as part of a wireless sensor network (WSN). The sensor node consists of a sensor board with four accelerometers, a thermometer and filtering and digitization units, and a MICAz mote for control, local computation and communication. The experiments include calibration and linearity tests for all sensor channels on the sensor boards, dynamic range tests to evaluate their performance when subjected to varying excitation, noise characteristic tests to quantify the noise floor of the sensor board, and temperature tests to study the behavior of the sensors under changing temperature profiles. The paper also describes a large-scale deployment of the WSN on a long-span suspension bridge, which lasted over three months and continuously collected ambient vibration and temperature data on the bridge. Statistical modal properties of a bridge tower are presented and compared with similar estimates from a previous deployment of sensors on the bridge and finite element models.

Prostate Cancer in Iran: Trends in Incidence and Morphological and Epidemiological Characteristics

Pakzad, Reza,Rafiemanesh, Hosein,Ghoncheh, Mahshid,Sarmad, Arezoo,Salehiniya, Hamid,Hosseini, Sayedehafagh,Sepehri, Zahra,Afshari-Moghadam, Amin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.2

Background: Prostate cancer is second most common cancer in men overall in the world, whereas it is the third most common cancer in men and the sixth most common cancer in Iran. Few studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of prostate cancer in Iran. Since ethnicity of Iranian men is different from Asian people and given the epidemiologic and demographic transition taking place in Iran, this study aimed to investigate trends of incidence and morphology of prostate cancer during 2003 - 2008 in the country. Materials and Methods: Data were collected retrospectively reviewing all new prostate cancer patients in the Cancer Registry Center of the Health Deputy for Iran during a 6-year period. Also carcinoma, NOS and adenocarcinoma, NOS morphology were surveyed. Trends analysis of incidence and morphology was by joinpoint regression. Results: During the six years a total of 16,071 cases of prostate cancer were recorded in Iran. Most were adenocarcinomas at 95.2 percent. Trend analysis of incidence (ASR) There was a significant increase incidence, with annual percentage change (APC) of 17.3% and for morphology change percentage trends there was a significant decrease in adenocarcinoma with an APC of -1.24%. Conclusions: Prostate cancer is a disease of older men and the incidence is increasing in Iran. The most common morphology is adenocarcinoma this appears to be decreasing over time. Due to the changing lifestyles and the aging of the population, epidemiological studies and planning assessment of the etiology of prostate cancer and its early detection are essential.

An experimental and modeling study of CO₂ solubility in a 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) + N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution

Pakzad, Peyman,Mofarahi, Masoud,Izadpanah, Amir Abbas,Afkhamipour, Morteza,Lee, Chang-Ha Elsevier 2018 Chemical engineering science Vol.175 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, an experimental setup based on the static-synthetic method was used to measure the new experimental data of CO<SUB>2</SUB> solubility in an aqueous solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) + N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution. For the static-synthetic method, the mass balance of compositions and the pressure–volume–temperature conditions were used for measuring the amount of absorbed CO<SUB>2</SUB> by the AMP+NMP solution. The measurements were performed over a temperature range of 313.15–353.15 K, CO<SUB>2</SUB> partial pressure up to 316.7 kPa, and in different concentrations of the AMP+NMP solution. Two models, modified Kent–Eisenberg, and Deshmukh–Mather, based on the empirical correlations and activity-fugacity approach, respectively, were used for the prediction of experimental data. The parameters of the equilibrium constants of the protonation and carbamate reactions for the modified Kent–Eisenberg model and the interaction parameters for Deshmukh–Mather model were obtained. For validation of our setup, a new set of experimental data for the solubility of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in an aqueous solution of AMP, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and diethanolamine (DEA) were measured and compared with existing experimental data in the literature, and good results were obtained. The results of the modeling study showed that the Deshmukh–Mather model gave a better prediction of experimental CO<SUB>2</SUB> loadings data than the modified Kent–Eisenberg. Also, the results showed that the solubility of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in an aqueous solution of AMP+NMP increases as the CO<SUB>2</SUB> partial pressure increases while the temperature decreases.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> New experimental data for CO<SUB>2</SUB> solubility in AMP+NMP+H<SUB>2</SUB>O system was presented. </LI> <LI> Experimental data predicted by modified Kent–Eisenberg and Deshmukh–Mather models. </LI> <LI> Clausius–Clapeyron equation was used for calculation of the absorption heat. </LI> <LI> Deshmukh–Mather model predicted the experimental data with an AARD% of 3.08. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Letter to the editor: Phosphorus as predictive factor for erectile dysfunction in middle aged men: A cross sectional study in Korea; Methodological issues to avoid prediction fallacy

Reza Pakzad,Saeid Safiri 대한비뇨의학회 2017 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.58 No.2

Stability Map of Multiple Time Delayed Fractional Order Systems

Mohammad Ali Pakzad,Mohammad Ali Nekoui 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2014 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.12 No.1

In this paper, a novel method is presented to study the stability map of linear fractional order systems with multiple delays against uncertainties in delays. It is evident from the literature that the stability question of this class of dynamics has not been resolved yet. The backbone of the new methodology is inspired by an advanced clustering with frequency sweeping technique which enables the exhaustive determination of stability switching curves in the space of the delays. The proposed method detects all the stability regions exactly, in the parametric space of the time delays. An illustrative example is pre-sented to confirm the proposed method results.