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Exploring the sensitivity of next generation gravitational wave detectors
Abbott, B P,Abbott, R,Abbott, T D,Abernathy, M R,Ackley, K,Adams, C,Addesso, P,Adhikari, R X,Adya, V B,Affeldt, C,Aggarwal, N,Aguiar, O D,Ain, A,Ajith, P,Allen, B,Altin, P A,Anderson, S B,Anderson, W Institute of Physics 2017 Classical and quantum gravity Vol.34 No.4
<P>The second-generation of gravitational-wave detectors are just starting operation, and have already yielding their first detections. Research is now concentrated on how to maximize the scientific potential of gravitational-wave astronomy. To support this effort, we present here design targets for a new generation of detectors, which will be capable of observing compact binary sources with high signal-to-noise ratio throughout the Universe.</P>
El-Khoueiry, A.B.,Sangro, B.,Yau, T.,Crocenzi, T.S.,Kudo, M.,Hsu, C.,Kim, T.Y.,Choo, S.P.,Trojan, J.,Welling, T.H.,Meyer, T.,Kang, Y.K.,Yeo, W.,Chopra, A.,Anderson, J.,dela Cruz, C.,Lang, L.,Neely, J. J. Onwhyn ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 The Lancet Vol.389 No.10088
Background: For patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, sorafenib is the only approved drug worldwide, and outcomes remain poor. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of nivolumab, a programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with or without chronic viral hepatitis. Methods: We did a phase ½, open-label, non-comparative, dose escalation and expansion trial (CheckMate 040) of nivolumab in adults (≥18 years) with histologically confirmed advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with or without hepatitis C or B (HCV or HBV) infection. Previous sorafenib treatment was allowed. A dose-escalation phase was conducted at seven hospitals or academic centres in four countries or territories (USA, Spain, Hong Kong, and Singapore) and a dose-expansion phase was conducted at an additional 39 sites in 11 countries (Canada, UK, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan). At screening, eligible patients had Child-Pugh scores of 7 or less (Child-Pugh A or B7) for the dose-escalation phase and 6 or less (Child-Pugh A) for the dose-expansion phase, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1 or less. Patients with HBV infection had to be receiving effective antiviral therapy (viral load <100 IU/mL); antiviral therapy was not required for patients with HCV infection. We excluded patients previously treated with an agent targeting T-cell costimulation or checkpoint pathways. Patients received intravenous nivolumab 0.1-10 mg/kg every 2 weeks in the dose-escalation phase (3+3 design). Nivolumab 3 mg/kg was given every 2 weeks in the dose-expansion phase to patients in four cohorts: sorafenib untreated or intolerant without viral hepatitis, sorafenib progressor without viral hepatitis, HCV infected, and HBV infected. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability for the escalation phase and objective response rate (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1) for the expansion phase. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01658878. Findings: Between Nov 26, 2012, and Aug 8, 2016, 262 eligible patients were treated (48 patients in the dose-escalation phase and 214 in the dose-expansion phase). 202 (77%) of 262 patients have completed treatment and follow-up is ongoing. During dose escalation, nivolumab showed a manageable safety profile, including acceptable tolerability. In this phase, 46 (96%) of 48 patients discontinued treatment, 42 (88%) due to disease progression. Incidence of treatment-related adverse events did not seem to be associated with dose and no maximum tolerated dose was reached. 12 (25%) of 48 patients had grade ¾ treatment-related adverse events. Three (6%) patients had treatment-related serious adverse events (pemphigoid, adrenal insufficiency, liver disorder). 30 (63%) of 48 patients in the dose-escalation phase died (not determined to be related to nivolumab therapy). Nivolumab 3 mg/kg was chosen for dose expansion. The objective response rate was 20% (95% CI 15-26) in patients treated with nivolumab 3 mg/kg in the dose-expansion phase and 15% (95% CI 6-28) in the dose-escalation phase. Interpretation: Nivolumab had a manageable safety profile and no new signals were observed in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Durable objective responses show the potential of nivolumab for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb.
A search for doubly charged Higgs production in Z<sup>0</sup> decays
OPAL Collaboration,Acton, P.D.,Alexander, G.,Allison, J.,Allport, P.P.,Anderson, K.J.,Arcelli, S.,Astbury, A.,Axen, D.,Azuelos, G.,Bahan, G.A.,Baines, J.T.M.,Ball, A.H.,Banks, J.,Barlow, R.J.,Barnett, North-Holland Pub. Co 1992 Physics letters. Section B Vol.295 No.3
A search for the decay of the Z<SUP>0</SUP> into doubly charged Higgs bosons (H<SUP>+/-+/-</SUP>) decaying to same-sign lepton pairs is presented using data collected with the OPAL detector at LEP, with an integrated luminosity of 6.8 pb<SUP>-</SUP>. Four-track final states from prompt decays, and events with at least one highly ionizing track from long-lived H<SUP>+/-+/-</SUP> were sought. H<SUP>+/-+/-</SUP> are excluded in the mass range from zero to 45.6 GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP> and for a coupling constant range that extends down to zero.
Lee, Kyu-Tae,Yao, Yuan,He, Junwen,Fisher, Brent,Sheng, Xing,Lumb, Matthew,Xu, Lu,Anderson, Mikayla A.,Scheiman, David,Han, Seungyong,Kang, Yongseon,Gumus, Abdurrahman,Bahabry, Rabab R.,Lee, Jung Woo,P National Academy of Sciences 2016 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol.113 No.51
<P>Emerging classes of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules reach efficiencies that are far greater than those of even the highest performance flat-plate PV technologies, with architectures that have the potential to provide the lowest cost of energy in locations with high direct normal irradiance (DNI). A disadvantage is their inability to effectively use diffuse sunlight, thereby constraining widespread geographic deployment and limiting performance even under the most favorable DNI conditions. This study introduces a module design that integrates capabilities in flat-plate PV directly with the most sophisticated CPV technologies, for capture of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby achieving efficiency in PV conversion of the global solar radiation. Specific examples of this scheme exploit commodity silicon (Si) cells integrated with two different CPV module designs, where they capture light that is not efficiently directed by the concentrator optics onto large-scale arrays of miniature multi-junction (MJ) solar cells that use advanced III-V semiconductor technologies. In this CPV+ scheme ('+' denotes the addition of diffuse collector), the Si and MJ cells operate independently on indirect and direct solar radiation, respectively. On-sun experimental studies of CPV+ modules at latitudes of 35.9886 degrees N (Durham, NC), 40.1125 degrees N (Bondville, IL), and 38.9072 degrees N (Washington, DC) show improvements in absolute module efficiencies of between 1.02% and 8.45% over values obtained using otherwise similar CPV modules, depending on weather conditions. These concepts have the potential to expand the geographic reach and improve the cost-effectiveness of the highest efficiency forms of PV power generation.</P>
Singh, Manish P.,Dhumal, Nilesh R.,Kim, Hyung J.,Kiefer, Johannes,Anderson, James A. American Chemical Society 2017 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.121 No.19
<P>Hybrid materials of ionic liquids (ILs) confined in metal organic frameworks (MOF) are promising materials for energy storage. The effects of exposing or treating such composite materials with molecular solvents, e.g., with the aim to extract and replace the IL, have not been studied to date. In this study, acetone, isopropanol, methanol, and water were used to remove the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate confined in a Cu-based metal-organic framework (CuBTC). The consequences of the solvent extraction process were analyzed using vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), N-2 adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methanol was identified as the best solvent for IL removal as it shows high extraction efficiency without affecting the porous geometry and crystal structure of the MOF. On the other hand, acetone and isopropanol were not able to completely remove the IL from CuBTC under the conditions employed. Water effectively removed the IL, but it has a significant detrimental effect on the CuBTC structure. This impact manifests as changes in the infrared spectra and the PXRD patterns as well as in the electron micrographs. The degraded CuBTC exhibits a nonporous structure that presents itself as nonuniformly agglomerated microrods along with very few hexagonal/amorphous phases. The confinement of acetone, isopropanol, and methanol in the MOF was also investigated. The results show that CuBTC is stable in acetone, isopropanol, and methanol but unstable in water.</P>
Mathur, S.,Gupta, A.,Page, K.,Pogge, R. W.,Krongold, Y.,Goad, M. R.,Adams, S. M.,Anderson, M. D.,Aré,valo, P.,Barth, A. J.,Bazhaw, C.,Beatty, T. G.,Bentz, M. C.,Bigley, A.,Bisogni, S.,Borman, G. American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical Journal Vol.846 No.1
<P>During the Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project observations of NGC 5548, the continuum and emission-line variability became decorrelated during the second half of the six-month-long observing campaign. Here we present Swift and Chandra X-ray spectra of NGC 5548 obtained as part of the campaign. The Swift spectra show that excess flux (relative to a power-law continuum) in the soft X-ray band appears before the start of the anomalous emission-line behavior, peaks during the period of the anomaly, and then declines. This is a model-independent result suggesting that the soft excess is related to the anomaly. We divide the Swift data into on-and off-anomaly spectra to characterize the soft excess via spectral fitting. The cause of the spectral differences is likely due to a change in the intrinsic spectrum rather than to variable obscuration or partial covering. The Chandra spectra have lower signal-to-noise ratios, but are consistent with the Swift data. Our preferred model of the soft excess is emission from an optically thick, warm Comptonizing corona, the effective optical depth of which increases during the anomaly. This model simultaneously explains all three observations: the UV emission-line flux decrease, the soft-excess increase, and the emission-line anomaly.</P>
Dhumal, Nilesh R.,Singh, Manish P.,Anderson, James A.,Kiefer, Johannes,Kim, Hyung J. American Chemical Society 2016 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.120 No.6
<P>The interactions between a Cu-based metal organic framework (MOP), Cu-BTC, and an ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, were studied by employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations and vibrational spectroscopy. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra show that the confinement of the IL in the MOF has significant impact on the structure of the MOF as well as on the IL. Raman spectra. and DFT calculations reveal a perturbation of the symmetry of the MOF structure due to the interaction of the IL anion with the Cu ions. FTIR and Raman spectra show that the molecular interactions in turn influence the structure of the ion pair. Inside the MOF, two different types of structure of IL ion pairs are formed. One ion-pair structure exhibits enhanced interionic interactions by strengthening the hydrogen bonding between cation and anion, whereas the other structure corresponds to weaker interactions between the IL cation and anion. Moreover, it is shown that the IL imidazolium ring can directly interact with either the MOF or the anion. The difference electron density analysis by DFT calculations indicates that molecular interactions of MOF and IL are accompanied by a transfer and redistribution of electron density.</P>
SPACE TELESCOPE AND OPTICAL REVERBERATION MAPPING PROJECT.VI. REVERBERATING DISK MODELS FOR NGC 5548
Starkey, D.,Horne, Keith,Fausnaugh, M. M.,Peterson, B. M.,Bentz, M. C.,Kochanek, C. S.,Denney, K. D.,Edelson, R.,Goad, M. R.,Rosa, G. De,Anderson, M. D.,Aré,valo, P.,Barth, A. J.,Bazhaw, C.,Borm American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal Vol.835 No.1
<P>We conduct a multiwavelength continuum variability study of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 to investigate the temperature structure of its accretion disk. The 19 overlapping continuum light curves (1158 angstrom to 9157 angstrom) combine simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope, Swift, and ground-based observations over a 180 day period from 2014 January to July. Light-curve variability is interpreted as the reverberation response of the accretion disk to irradiation by a central time-varying point source. Our model yields the disk inclination i = 36 degrees +/- 10 degrees, temperature T-1= (44 +/- 6) x 10(3) K at 1 light day from the black hole, and a temperature-radius slope (T proportional to r(-alpha)) of alpha = 0.99 +/- 0.03. We also infer the driving light curve and find that it correlates poorly with both the hard and soft X-ray light curves, suggesting that the X-rays alone may not drive the ultraviolet and optical variability over the observing period. We also decompose the light curves into bright, faint, and mean accretion-disk spectra. These spectra lie below that expected for a standard blackbody accretion disk accreting at L/L-Edd = 0.1.</P>