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Energy level alignment of blended organic semiconductors and electrodes at the interface
T.J. Whitcher,W.S. Wong,A.N. Talik,K.L. Woon,A. Rusydi,N. Chanlek,H. Nakajima,T. Saisopa,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.9
The energy level alignment of a blended mixture of organic semiconductors is often depicted as having a common vacuum level. However, this is not a universal phenomenon among the vast number of organic semiconductors that currently exist, as in many cases the energy levels align via the Fermi level. In this report, the energy level alignments of the mixtures; poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 2,7-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-9,9′- spirobifluorene (SPPO13) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and SPPO13, with varying SPPO13 concentrations, are measured. It was found that the blended systems exhibit two different vacuum levels with the dipole between the PVK and SPPO13 increasing with the SPPO13 concentration, whilst the P3HT and SPPO13 vacuum levels only experience a small change. This is attributed to the decreasing electronic screening with increasing SPPO13 concentration. These new observations have an important implication in our understanding of interfacial behaviour for blended systems commonly used in various organic electronic devices.
W. Phae-ngam,M. Horprathum,C. Chananonnawathorn,T. Lertvanithphol,B. Samransuksamer,P. Songsiriritthigul,H. Nakajima,S. Chaiyakun 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.8
Nanocolumnar titanium zirconium nitride (TiZrN) films deposited on silicon wafer substrates were fabricated via reactive magnetron co-sputtering with oblique angle deposition (OAD) at room temperature. The influences of the sputtering power of Zr target varied from 100 to 300 W, on the structure, morphology and composition of the nanocolumnar TiZrN film were investigated by gracing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscope (AFM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The GIXRD patterns revealed that the prepared films deposited at different sputtering powers of Zr target were crystalline in cubic phase with preferential orientation (111) and (222) planes of ZrN and TiN, respectively. The morphology obtained from FE-SEM showed well aligned slanted nanocolumnar structure, which come from the OAD technique. Increasing the sputtering power of Zr target, led to high adatom energy and enhanced collision effect during film deposition which the nanocolumnar showed obvious change in the diameter, length and tilt angle. The EDS mapping inside the nanocolumnar confirmed the homogeneity of the Ti, Zr and N element distributed in the nanocolumnar TiZrN films. Finally, the tribology behavior was preliminarily investigated based on the hardness of the nanocolumnar film and discussed in this manuscript.
Accelerators and Related R & D Activities in Thailand
T. Vilaithong,S. Singkarat,L. D. Yu,C. Thongbai,T. Kamwanna,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.22
The production and the utilization of four fundamental probes, namely, electron, ion, neutron and photon probes, have played a vital role in the research and development in modern science and technology. These probes are generated by various types of particle accelerators. In Thailand, beams of charged particles are accelerated to energies ranging from keV to GeV. Low-energy (<200 keV) heavy-ion implanters are applied to research in material surface modification, biology and nanotechnology whereas the MeV tandem accelerator is employed in material surface analysis and lithography. Relativistic femtosecond electron beams are used to produce transition radiation with wavelengths in the tera-Hertz (THz) region. Synchrotron radiation is generated from a 1.2-GeV electron synchrotron coupled to a storage ring. The details of present and future accelerator R & D activities are presented and discussed.
T.J. Whitcher,K.H. Yeoh,C.L. Chua,K.L. Woon,N. Chanlek,H. Nakajima,T. Saisopa,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국물리학회 2014 Current Applied Physics Vol.14 No.3
The work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) was increased by treating ITO with dichlorobenzene with UV light. Carbon contamination of the Cl-ITO was measured using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and argon ion sputtering was used to remove the carbon from the surface. It was found that the carbon contamination from residual dichlorobenzene significantly lowered the work function of the ITO and after argon ion sputtering the work function increased to 5.8 eV. It was found that chlorination of ITO occurs after more than 6 min of UV exposure. Further sputtering of ITO resulted in the removal of the functionalized chlorine, the introduction of argon ion contaminants on the ITO decreases its work function.
Structural, chemical and electronic differences between bare and nitrogen‑doped carbon nanoparticles
H. L. Lee,K. L. Woon,S. Tan,W. S. Wong,A. Ariffin,N. Chanlek,H. Nakajima,T. Saisopa,P. Songsiriritthigul 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3
Comparisons between bare carbon (CPs) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles (N-CPs) synthesised using hydrothermal reaction are carried out. It was found that hydrothermal reaction of citric acid yields graphene-like sheets, while the nitrogen doping using ethylenediamine resulted in amorphous polymeric ball-like hydrocarbons devoid of any aromatic rings. Although the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds (C=C), and the ground states of both materials are very deep (> 7.8 eV) as measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. This indicates the conjugation is very short. This is supported by the fact that both materials are UV blue emitting peaking at 375 nm probably originating from C=C.
Structural, chemical and electronic differences between bare and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles
Lee H. L.,Woon K. L.,Tan Shau Hwai,Wong W. S.,Ariffin A.,Chanlek N.,Nakajima H.,Saisopa T.,Songsiriritthigul P. 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3
Comparisons between bare carbon (CPs) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles (N-CPs) synthesised using hydrothermal reaction are carried out. It was found that hydrothermal reaction of citric acid yields graphene-like sheets, while the nitrogen doping using ethylenediamine resulted in amorphous polymeric ball-like hydrocarbons devoid of any aromatic rings. Although the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds (C=C), and the ground states of both materials are very deep (> 7.8 eV) as measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. This indicates the conjugation is very short. This is supported by the fact that both materials are UV blue emitting peaking at 375 nm probably originating from C=C.