Defense Genes Induced by Pathogens and Abiotic Stresses in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Ok Ran Lee,Gayathri Sathiyaraj,Yu-Jin Kim,Jun-Gyo In,Woo-Seang Kwon,Ju-Han Kim,Deok-Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1

Korean ginseng is a medicinally important perennial herb from the family Araliaceae. It has been cultivated for its highly valued medicinal properties for over 1,000 years in east Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan. Due to its longtime cultivation in shady areas, ginseng is frequently exposed to pathogenic infections. Plants protect themselves from microbial pathogens using an array of defense mechanisms, some of which are constitutively active, while others are activated upon pathogen invasion. These induced defense responses, controlled by defense-related genes, require tradeoffs in terms of plant fi tness. We hypothesize that ginseng, as with other plants, possesses regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the activation of attacker-specifi c defenses in order to minimize fi tness costs while attaining optimal resistance. Several classes of defense-related genes are induced by infection, wounds, irradiation, and other abiotic stresses. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been shown to cause such responses, although their specifi c roles and interactions in signaling and development are not fully understood in ginseng. This review summarizes possible defense-related genes in ginseng based on their expression patterns against biotic and abiotic stresses and describes their functional roles.

Requirement Analysis and Optimal Design of an Operational Change Detection Software

Lee, Young-Ran,Bang, Ki-In,Shin, Dong-Seok,Jeong, Soo,Kim, Kyung-Ok The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2004 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.20 No.3

This paper describes what an operational change detection tool requires and the software which was designed and developed according to the requirements. The top requirement for the application of the software to operational change detection was identified: minimization of false detections, missing detections and operational cost. In order to meet such a requirement, the software was designed with the concept that the ultimate decision and isolation of changes must be performed manually by visual interpretation and all automatic algorithms and/or visualization techniques must be defined as support functions. In addition, the modular structure of the proposed software enables the addition of a new support function with the minimum development cost and minimum change of the operational environment.

Feasibility and Effects of a Tai Chi Self-Help Education Program for Korean Gastric Cancer Survivors

Lee, Eun Ok,Chae, Young Ran,Song, Rhayun,Eom, Aeyong,Lam, Paul,Heitkemper, Margaret Oncology Nursing Society 2010 Oncology nursing forum Vol.37 No.1

<P>Purpose/Objectives: To determine the feasibility of conducting a study of a tai chi self-help education program in Korean adults with gastric cancer and to describe the effects of a six-month tai chi self-help education program on depression, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and immune markers.Design: One-group, pre- and post-test design.Setting: Outpatient clinics of two large hospitals in the Republic of Korea.Sample: Convenience sample of 33 Korean adults with gastric cancer diagnoses after gastrectomy.Methods: The Korean gastric cancer survivors participated in a 24-week tai chi self-help education program. The participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (Korean version) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (Korean version) for HRQOL and provided blood samples for immune markers. All measurements were conducted at baseline and at one week following the 24-week intervention.Main Research Variables: Feasibility was determined as the percentage of participants completing the 24-week protocol. Preliminary data on depression, HRQOL, and immune markers were obtained.Findings: The dropout rate was 36.4%; 21 of 33 survivors participated in the tai chi self-help education program for 24 weeks. No complications or injuries occurred to the participants during the program. No significant differences were noted in depression, HRQOL, and immune markers before and after the intervention.Conclusions: Tai chi exercise, in combination with a self-help program, can be safe and feasible for Korean gastric cancer survivors. This feasibility study did not show that the tai chi self-help education program improves depression, HRQOL, and immune markers in Korean gastric cancer survivors.Implications for Nursing: Additional studies are needed to determine the long-term impact relative to usual care.</P>

Ginseng γ-thionin is localized to cell wall-bound extracellular spaces and responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lee, Ok Ran,Kim, Yu-Jin,Devi Balusamy, Sri Renuka,Kim, Min-Kyeoung,Sathiyamoorthy, Subramaniyam,Yang, Deok-Chun Elsevier 2011 Physiological and molecular plant pathology Vol.76 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Genomic DNA sequence of a <I>γ-thionin</I> in the <I>Panax ginseng</I> plant, termed <I>Pgγ-thionin</I>, contains 2 exons coding a 225-bp open reading frame with its deduced 75 amino acid sequence interrupted by 1 internal intron. The mRNA transcript level of <I>Pgγ</I>-thionin was ubiquitously expressed in the leaf, flower bud, stem, root and rhizome, with its highest expression in the roots. <I>Pgγ-thionin</I> was responsive to both biotic and abiotic stresses, such as an 18-fold increase after exposure to ABA. Fluorescent tagged-<I>Pgγ</I>-thionin protein was localized to cell wall-bound extracellular spaces. Our finding indicates that <I>Pgγ</I>-thionin might be involved in cellular defense responses.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P><ce:figure id='dfig1'></ce:figure></P><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► We found the genomic DNA of γ-thionins from <I>P. ginseng</I> encodes 225 bp ORF. ► The 3-D structure of Pgγ-thionin is similar to the previously reported γ-thionin. ► <I>Pgγ-thionin</I> was responsive to sets of biotic and abiotic stresses. ► Pgγ-thionin was found to be localized to cell wall-bound extracellular spaces.</P>

Primary Angiomyolipoma of the Pelvic Region

Ok Ran Shin,Yun Seok Jung,Myung Sun Choi,Chang Hee Han,Sung Hak Kang,Yong Seok Lee 대한비뇨기종양학회 2010 대한비뇨기종양학회지 Vol.8 No.3

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign tumor that is composed of adipose tissue, blood vessels and smooth muscle. The kidney is the most commonly affected organ. The incidence of AML is about 0.3-3% in the general population. AML is sometimes associated with tuberous sclerosis. Although rare, extrarenal AML has been reported to occur in other organs such as the liver, heart & mediastinum, spermatic cord, vaginal wall, and oral cavity. Primary AML in the pelvic region has very rarely been reported in the literature. Moreover, AML containing calcification is even rarer. A 61-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a mass in the lower abdomen for 3 months. Open surgical excision was performed and the histopathological examination revealed AML. A one year postoperative follow-up showed no remarkable findings.

Identification and characterization of a putative basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor interacting with calcineurin in C. elegans

Lee, Soo-Ung,Song, Hyun-Ok,Lee, Wonhae,Singaravelu, Gunasekaran,Yu, Jae-Ran,Park, Woo-Yoon Springer-Verlag 2009 Molecules and cells Vol.28 No.5

Cytohistological study of the leaf structures of Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L.

Lee, Ok Ran,Nguyen, Ngoc Quy,Lee, Kwang Ho,Kim, Young Chang,Seo, Jiho The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.4

Background: Both Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius are obligate shade-loving plants whose natural habitats are broadleaved forests of Eastern Asia and North America. Panax species are easily damaged by photoinhibition when they are exposed to high temperatures or insufficient shade. In this study, a cytohistological study of the leaf structures of two of the most well-known Panax species was performed to better understand the physiological processes that limit photosynthesis. Methods: Leaves of ginseng plants grown in soil and hydroponic culture were sectioned for analysis. Leaf structures of both Panax species were observed using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Results: The mesostructure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius frequently had one layer of non-cylindrical palisade cells and three or four layers of spongy parenchymal cells. P. quinquefolius contained a similar number of stomata in the abaxial leaf surface but more tightly appressed enlarged grana stacks than P. ginseng contained. The adaxial surface of the epidermis in P. quinquefolius showed cuticle ridges with a pattern similar to that of P. ginseng. Conclusion: The anatomical leaf structure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius shows that they are typical shade-loving sciophytes. Slight differences in chloroplast structure suggests that the two different species can be authenticated using transmission electron microscopy images, and light-resistant cultivar breeding can be performed via controlling photosynthesis efficiency.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 is Involved in Extracellular Secretion of Acetylated APE1/Ref-1

Lee, Yu Ran,Joo, Hee Kyoung,Lee, Eun Ok,Cho, Hyun Sil,Choi, Sunga,Kim, Cuk-Seong,Jeon, Byeong Hwa MDPI AG 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.20 No.13

<P>Acetylation of nuclear apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is associated with its extracellular secretion, despite the lack of an N-terminal protein secretion signal. In this study, we investigated plasma membrane targeting and translocation of APE1/Ref-1 in HEK293T cells with enhanced acetylation. While APE1/Ref-1 targeting was not affected by inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi-dependent secretion, its secretion was reduced by inhibitors of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of ABC transporter A1. The association between APE1/Ref-1 and ABCA1 transporter was confirmed by proximal ligation assay and immunoprecipitation experiments. An APE1/Ref-1 construct with mutated acetylation sites (K6/K7R) showed reduced co-localization with ABC transporter A1. Exposure of trichostatin A (TSA) induced the acetylation of APE1/Ref-1, which translocated into membrane fraction. Taken together, acetylation of APE1/Ref-1 is considered to be necessary for its extracellular targeting via non-classical secretory pathway using the ABCA1 transporter.</P>

The Effects of Pitch Increasing Training (PIT) on Voice and Speech of a Patient with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study

Lee, Ok-Bun,Jeong, Ok-Ran,Shim, Hong-Im,Jeong, Han-Jin Korean Society of Speech Sciences 2006 음성과학 Vol.13 No.1

The primary goal of therapeutic intervention in dysarthric speakers is to increase the speech intelligibility. Decision of critical features to increase the intelligibility is very important in speech therapy. The purpose of this study is to know the effects of pitch increasing training (PIT) on speech of a subject with Parkinson's disease (PD). The PIT program is focused on increasing pitch while a vowel is sustained with the same loudness. The loudness level is somewhat higher than that of the habitual loudness. A 67-year-old female with PD participated in the study. Speech therapy was conducted for 4 sessions (200 minutes) for one week. Before and after the treatment, acoustic, perceptual and speech naturalness evaluation was peformed for data analysis. Speech and voice satisfaction index (SVSI) was obtained after the treatment. Results showed Improvements in voice quality and speech naturalness. In addition, the patient's satisfaction ratings (SVSI) indicated a positive relationship between improved speech production and their (the patient and care-givers) satisfaction.

A Study on Aerial Triangulation from Multi-Sensor Imagery

Lee, Young-Ran,Habib, Ayman,Kim, Kyung-Ok The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.3

Recently, the enormous increase in the volume of remotely sensed data is being acquired by an ever-growing number of earth observation satellites. The combining of diversely sourced imagery together is an important requirement in many applications such as data fusion, city modeling and object recognition. Aerial triangulation is a procedure to reconstruct object space from imagery. However, since the different kinds of imagery have their own sensor model, characteristics, and resolution, the previous approach in aerial triangulation (or georeferencing) is purformed on a sensor model separately. This study evaluated the advantages of aerial triangulation of large number of images from multi-sensors simultaneously. The incorporated multi-sensors are frame, push broom, and whisky broom cameras. The limits and problems of push-broom or whisky broom sensor models can be compensated by combined triangulation with other sensors The reconstructed object space from multi-sensor triangulation is more accurate than that from a single model. Experiments conducted in this study show the more accurately reconstructed object space from multi-sensor triangulation.