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Nyunt, Myat Htut,Hlaing, Thaung,Oo, Htet Wai,Tin-Oo, Lu-Lu Kyaw,Phway, Hnin Phyu,Wang, Bo,Zaw, Ni Ni,Han, Soe Soe,Tun, Thurein,San, Kyaw Kyaw,Kyaw, Myat Phone,Han, Eun-Taek Oxford University Press 2015 Clinical infectious diseases Vol.60 No.8
<P>K13 mutations were significantly associated with day 3 parasitaemia, emphasizing the importance of K13 surveillance. Low prevalence of K13 mutations and absence of day 3 positive cases indicate that artemisinin resistance may not have spread to the western Myanmar border region.</P><P><B><I>Background.</I></B> As K13 propeller mutations have been recently reported to serve as molecular markers, assessment of K13 propeller polymorphisms in multidrug-resistant gene in isolates from Myanmar, especially the eastern and western border areas, is crucial if we are to understand the spread of artemisinin resistance.</P><P><B><I>Methods.</I></B> A 3-day surveillance study was conducted in the eastern and western border areas in Myanmar, and K13 propeller and <I>Plasmodium falciparum</I> multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (<I>pfmrp1</I>) mutations were analyzed.</P><P><B><I>Results.</I></B> Among the 1761 suspected malaria cases screened, a total of 42 uncomplicated falciparum cases from the eastern border and 49 from the western border were subjected to 3 days of surveillance after artemether-lumefantrine treatment. No parasitemic case showing positivity on day 3 was noted from the western border, but 26.2% (11/42) of cases were positive in the eastern border. Although we found no marked difference in the prevalence of the <I>pfmrp1</I> mutation in the eastern and western borders (36% vs 31%, respectively), K13 mutations were more frequent in the eastern border area (where the 3-day persistent cases were detected; 48% vs 14%). C580Y, M476I, A481V, N458Y, R539T, and R516Y accounted for 68.9% of all K13 mutations significantly associated with day 3 parasitaemia.</P><P><B><I>Conclusions.</I></B> The K13 mutations were significantly associated with day 3 parasitaemia, emphasizing the importance of K13 surveillance. The low prevalence of K13 mutations and the absence of day 3 parasitaemic cases indicate that artemisinin resistance may not have spread to the western Myanmar border region. Although analysis of multiple K13 mutations is challenging, it should be done at various sentinel sites in Myanmar.</P>
Molecular Evidence of Drug Resistance in Asymptomatic Malaria Infections, Myanmar, 2015
Nyunt, Myat Htut,Shein, Thinzar,Zaw, Ni Ni,Han, Soe Soe,Muh, Fauzi,Lee, Seong-Kyun,Han, Jin-Hee,Thant, Kyaw Zin,Han, Eun-Taek,Kyaw, Myat Phone Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017 Emerging infectious diseases Vol.23 No.3
<P>Artemisinin resistance containment in Myanmar was initiated in 2011 after artemisinin-resistant <I>Plasmodium falciparum</I> malaria was reported. Molecular evidence suggests that asymptomatic malaria infections harboring drug resistance genes are present among residents of the Myanmar artemisinin resistance containment zone. This evidence supports efforts to eliminate these hidden infections.</P>
Immunoprofiling of the Tryptophan-Rich Antigen Family in <i>Plasmodium vivax</i>
Wang, Bo,Lu, Feng,Cheng, Yang,Chen, Jun-Hu,Jeon, Hye-Yoon,Ha, Kwon-Soo,Cao, Jun,Nyunt, Myat Htut,Han, Jin-Hee,Lee, Seong-Kyun,Kyaw, Myat Phone,Sattabongkot, Jetsumon,Takashima, Eizo,Tsuboi, Takafumi,H American Society for Microbiology 2015 Infection and immunity Vol.83 No.8
<P>Tryptophan-rich antigens (TRAgs) are an antigen family that has been identified in human and rodent malaria parasites. TRAgs have been proposed as candidate antigens for potential vaccines. The <I>Plasmodium vivax</I> TRAg (PvTRAg) family includes 36 members. Each PvTRAg contains a tryptophan-rich (TR) domain in the C-terminal region. In this study, we recombinantly expressed all 36 PvTRAgs using a cell-free expression system, and, for the first time, profiled the IgG antibody responses against all PvTRAgs in the sera from 96 vivax malaria patients and 40 healthy individuals using protein microarray technology. The mean seropositive rate for all PvTRAgs was 60.3%. Among them, nine PvTRAgs were newly identified in this study and showed a seropositive rate of >50%. Five of them, PvTRAg_13, PvTRAg_15, PvTRAg_16, PvTRAg_26, and PvTRAg_29, produced higher levels of IgG antibody, even in low-endemicity countries. In addition, the results of an immunofluorescence analysis suggest that PvTRAgs are, at least in part, associated with caveola-vesicle complexes, a unique structure of <I>P. vivax</I>-infected erythrocytes. The mechanism of formation and the function of these abundant membrane structures are not known. Further investigation aimed at determining the functions of these proteins would lead to a better understanding of the blood-stage biology of <I>P. vivax</I>.</P>