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Serum Prolactin and Bone Mineral Density in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
John Lally,Abdullah Bin Sahl,Kieran C. Murphy,Fiona Gaughran,Brendon Stubbs 대한정신약물학회 2019 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.17 No.3
The relationship between serum prolactin and bone mineral density (BMD) in schizophrenia is unclear. We conducted a literature review of databases from inception until December 2018 for cross-sectional, case-control, prospective and retrospective studies analyzing correlations between serum prolactin and BMD measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or quantitative ultrasound at any skeletal site in people with schizophrenia. Data was summarized with a best evidence synthesis. This review identified 15 studies (1 longitudinal study, 10 cross-sectional and 4 case-control studies; 1,360 individuals with a psychotic disorder; mean age 45.1 ± 9.4 [standard deviation] years, female 742 [54.6%], mean illness duration 17.7 ± 11.3 years) assessing the relationship between serum prolactin and BMD in schizophrenia. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between serum prolactin and BMD identified in eight of the studies (53% of all studies), suggesting mixed evidence for an association between serum prolactin and BMD. Of those studies which identified a significant inverse correlation between serum prolactin and BMD (n = 5), 152 (52.1%) of patients were treated with prolactin raising antipsychotics, compared to 197 (48.1%) of patients in those studies which did not identify a significant correlation between prolactin and BMD. Available studies cannot resolve the link between excess prolactin and reduced BMD in schizophrenia. Future studies should be longitudinal in design and combine measures of serum prolactin along with other risk factors for reduced BMD such as smoking and vitamin D and sex hormone levels in assessing the relationship between prolactin and BMD in schizophrenia.
Plant defense signals: Players and pawns in plant-virus-vector interactions
Carr, John P.,Murphy, Alex M.,Tungadi, Trisna,Yoon, Ju-Yeon Elsevier 2019 Plant science Vol.279 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Plant viruses face an array of host defenses. Well-studied responses that protect against viruses include effector-triggered immunity, induced resistance (such as systemic acquired resistance mediated by salicylic acid), and RNA silencing. Recent work shows that viruses are also affected by non-host resistance mechanisms; previously thought to affect only bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. However, an enduring puzzle is how viruses are inhibited by several inducible host resistance mechanisms. Many viruses have been shown to encode factors that inhibit antiviral silencing. A number of these, including the cucumoviral 2b protein, the poytviral P1/HC-Pro and, respectively, geminivirus or satellite DNA-encoded proteins such as the C2 or βC1, also inhibit defensive signaling mediated by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. This helps to explain how viruses can, in some cases, overcome host resistance. Additionally, interference with defensive signaling provides a means for viruses to manipulate plant-insect interactions. This is important because insects, particularly aphids and whiteflies, transmit many viruses. Indeed, there is now substantial evidence that viruses can enhance their own transmission through their effects on hosts. Even more surprisingly, it appears that viruses may be able to manipulate plant interactions with beneficial insects by, for example, ‘paying back’ their hosts by attracting pollinators.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Plants possess multiple antiviral defenses. </LI> <LI> Many of these depend on biosynthesis of signal chemicals. </LI> <LI> Plant viruses have evolved counter-defense factors. </LI> <LI> Viral proteins including counter-defense factors can affect host-insect interactions. </LI> <LI> Manipulation of host-insect interactions may facilitate virus transmission. </LI> </UL> </P>
Layer-Specific fMRI Responses to Excitatory and Inhibitory Neuronal Activities in the Olfactory Bulb
Poplawsky, Alexander John,Fukuda, Mitsuhiro,Murphy, Matthew,Kim, Seong-Gi Society for Neuroscience 2015 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.35 No.46
<P>High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detects localized neuronal activity via the hemodynamic response, but it is unclear whether it accurately identifies neuronal activity specific to individual layers. To address this issue, we preferentially evoked neuronal activity in superficial, middle, and deep layers of the rat olfactory bulb: the glomerular layer by odor (5% amyl acetate), the external plexiform layer by electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), and the granule cell layer by electrical stimulation of the anterior commissure (AC), respectively. Electrophysiology, laser-Doppler flowmetry of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood volume-weighted (CBV) fMRI at 9.4 T were performed independently. We found that excitation of inhibitory granule cells by stimulating LOT and AC decreased the spontaneous multi-unit activities of excitatory mitral cells and subsequently increased CBF, CBV, and BOLD signals. Odor stimulation also increased the hemodynamic responses. Furthermore, the greatest CBV fMRI responses were discretely separated into the same layers as the evoked neuronal activities for all three stimuli, whereas BOLD was poorly localized with some exception to the poststimulus undershoot. In addition, the temporal dynamics of the fMRI responses varied depending on the stimulation pathway, even within the same layer. These results indicate that the vasculature is regulated within individual layers and CBV fMRI has a higher fidelity to the evoked neuronal activity compared with BOLD. Our findings are significant for understanding the neuronal origin and spatial specificity of hemodynamic responses, especially for the interpretation of laminar-resolution fMRI.</P><P><B>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</B> Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive, <I>in vivo</I> technique widely used to map function of the entire brain, including deep structures, in animals and humans. However, it measures neuronal activity indirectly by way of the vascular response. It is currently unclear how finely the hemodynamic response is regulated within single cortical layers and whether increased inhibitory neuronal activities affect fMRI signal changes. Both laminar specificity and the neural origins of fMRI are important to interpret functional maps properly, which we investigated by activating discrete rat olfactory bulb circuits.</P>
류충민,최혜경,이치호,JOHN F. MURPHY,이정기,Joseph W. Kloepper 한국식물병리학회 2013 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.29 No.2
Numerous root-associated bacteria (rhizobacteria) are known to elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. Bacterial cell-density-dependent quorum sensing (QS) is thought to be important for ISR. Here, we investigated the role of QS in the ISR elicited by the rhizobacterium, Serratia marcescens strain 90−166, in tobacco. Since S. marcescens 90−166 produces at least three QS signals, QS-mediated ISR in strain 90−166 has been difficult to understand. Therefore, we investigated the ISR capacity of two transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants that contained either bacterial acylhomoserine lactone-producing (AHL) or -degrading (AiiA) genes in conjunction with S. marcescens 90−166to induce resistance against bacterial and viral pathogens. Root application of S. marcescens 90−166 increased ISR to the bacterial pathogens, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci,in AHL plants and decreased ISR in AiiA plants. In contrast, ISR to Cucumber mosaic virus was reduced in AHL plants treated with S. marcescens 90−166 but enhanced in AiiA plants. Taken together, these data indicate that QS-dependent ISR is elicited by S. marcescens 90−166 in a pathogen-dependent manner. This study provides insight into QS-dependent ISR in tobacco elicited by S. marcescens 90−166.
Perez, Kari,Yeam, Inhwa,Kang, Byoung-Cheorl,Ripoll, Daniel R,Kim, Jinhee,Murphy, John F,Jahn, Molly M APS Press 2012 Molecular plant-microbe interactions Vol.25 No.12
<P>Potyvirus resistance in Capsicum spp. has been attributed to amino acid substitutions at the pvr1 locus that cause conformational shifts in eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E. The viral genome-linked protein (VPg) sequence was isolated and compared from three Tobacco etch virus (TEV) strains, highly aphid-transmissible (HAT), Mex21, and N, which differentially infect Capsicum genotypes encoding Pvr1(+), pvr1, and pvr1(2). Viral chimeras were synthesized using the TEV-HAT genome, replacing HAT VPg with Mex21 or N VPg. TEV HAT did not infect pepper plants homozygous for either the pvr1 or pvr1(2) allele. However, the novel chimeric TEV strains, TEVHAT(Mex21-VPg) and TEV-HAT(N-VPg), infected pvr1 and pvr1(2) pepper plants, respectively, demonstrating that VPg is the virulence determinant in this pathosystem. Three dimensional structural models predicted interaction between VPg and the susceptible eIF4E genotype in every case, while resistant genotypes were never predicted to interact. To determine whether there is a correlation between physical interaction of VPg with eIF4E and infectivity, the effects of amino acid variation within VPg were assessed. Interaction between pvr1(2) eIF4E and N VPg was detected in planta, implying that the six amino acid differences in N VPg relative to HAT VPg are responsible for restoring the physical interaction and infectivity.</P>