An Efficient Optimization Technique for Node Clustering in VANETs Using Gray Wolf Optimization

( Muhammad Fahad Khan ),( Farhan Aadil ),( Muazzam Maqsood ),( Salabat Khan ),( Bilal Haider Bukhari ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2018 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.12 No.9

Many methods have been developed for the vehicles to create clusters in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Usually, nodes are vehicles in the VANETs, and they are dynamic in nature. Clusters of vehicles are made for making the communication between the network nodes. Cluster Heads (CHs) are selected in each cluster for managing the whole cluster. This CH maintains the communication in the same cluster and with outside the other cluster. The lifetime of the cluster should be longer for increasing the performance of the network. Meanwhile, lesser the CH's in the network also lead to efficient communication in the VANETs. In this paper, a novel algorithm for clustering which is based on the social behavior of Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) for VANET named as Intelligent Clustering using Gray Wolf Optimization (ICGWO) is proposed. This clustering based algorithm provides the optimized solution for smooth and robust communication in the VANETs. The key parameters of proposed algorithm are grid size, load balance factor (LBF), the speed of the nodes, directions and transmission range. The ICGWO is compared with the well-known meta-heuristics, Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (CLPSO) for clustering in VANETs. Experiments are performed by varying the key parameters of the ICGWO, for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. These parameters include grid sizes, transmission ranges, and a number of nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of optimization of number of cluster with respect to transmission range, grid size and number of nodes. ICGWO selects the 10% of the nodes as CHs where as CLPSO and MOPSO selects the 13% and 14% respectively.

Grey wolf optimization based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Fahad, Muhammad,Aadil, Farhan,Rehman, Zahoor-ur-,Khan, Salabat,Shah, Peer Azmat,Muhammad, Khan,Lloret, Jaime,Wang, Haoxiang,Lee, Jong Weon,Mehmood, Irfan Elsevier 2018 Computers & electrical engineering Vol.70 No.-

<P>In vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs), frequent topology changes occur due to fast moving nature of mobile nodes. This random topology creates instability that leads to scalability issues. To overcome this problem, clustering can be performed. Existing approaches for clustering in VANETs generate large number of cluster-heads which utilize the scarce wireless resources resulting in degraded performance. In this article, grey wolf optimization based clustering algorithm for VANETs is proposed, that replicates the social behaviour and hunting mechanism of grey wolfs for creating efficient clusters. The linearly decreasing factor of grey wolf nature enforces to converge earlier, which provides the optimized number of clusters. The proposed method is compared with well-known meta-heuristics from literature and results show that it provides optimal outcomes that lead to a robust routing protocol for clustering of VANETs, which is appropriate for highways and can accomplish quality communication, confirming reliable delivery of information to each vehicle. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Threat Posed by the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) to the Cooperation between Pakistan & China

Muhammad Taimur Fahad Khan 아시아사회과학학회 2021 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.4 No.3

The United States and its international coalition partners are set to completely withdraw their troops from Afghanistan by September 11, 2021. Following the Doha Agreement between the US and the Taliban, fierce fighting has ensued in Afghanistan between the Taliban and the government forces. Amid all the violence and instability in the country, there is a high probability that extremist and terrorist organisations like ETIM might resurface and re-initiate their terror campaigns in the region. Such developments in the region pose a grave threat to regional states (particularly Pakistan and China), their development, economic and commercial, political, strategic and national interests along with threats to their respective societies. This research paper will try to give an overview of the contemporary situation in the region, organisational profile and current state of ETIM (the group in focus for this study) and analyse the threats posed by ETIM to the cooperation between Pakistan and China.

Determination and estimation of magnesium contentin the single phase magnesium-calcite [Ca(1-x)MgxCO3(s)]using electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Muhammad Fahad Khan,Sundas Saeed 한국지질과학협의회 2018 Geosciences Journal Vol.22 No.2

Mg-calcite (MgCc) is the term used for calcite containing variable magnesium content. The correct determination of the Mg-content in the calcite is of great interest for many fields of research. This study presents the potential, accuracy and the limitations of determining Mg-content in MgCc by means of electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) coupled with the energy dispersive and wave dispersive spectrometry (EDS/WDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These techniques were used to examine the distribution of Mg (in mol% MgCO3) in six calcite marble samples from different locations of Peshawar basin (Pakistan), a part of Lesser Himalayas. Results showed variable Mg-content averaging 0.944–1.740 mol% from the chemical analysis with EPMA/EDS of the whole rock sample. This was almost consistent with the XRD findings of 0.750–1.690 mol%. The sample NO13 with heteroblastic grain structure showed disequilibrium geometry due to the contact metamorphism, characterized by the relatively high temperature and low pressure. This caused predominantly quick re-crystallization of the carbonate phase, thus showing lower Mgcontent in the sample. It was assumed that the observed small variability in the Mg-content of the investigated calcites even with in the sample is due to the temperature dependency of the Mg incorporation into the calcites. The highest degree of accuracy in Mg-content determination was observed based on the lattice parameter a and cell volume V. For the Mg-content obtained by XRD, best correlation was observed between the lattice parameter a, cell volume V and Mg-content, with r2 = 0.991 and 0.990 respectively. The difference between the d104 values from the Rietveld refinement and the observed XRD patterns were generally < 0.002 Å.

Development and prospects of surface passivation schemes for high-efficiency c-Si solar cells

ur Rehman, Atteq,Iqbal, Muhammad Zahir,Bhopal, Muhammad Fahad,Khan, Muhammad Farooq,Hussain, Farhan,Iqbal, Javed,Khan, Mahmood,Lee, Soo Hong Elsevier 2018 Solar energy Vol.166 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Photovoltaic (PV) electric power generation has the potential to account for a major portion of power generation in the global power market. Currently, the PV market is dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells which accounts for more than 80% of the share. Lower cost, optimized process parameters and improved PV cell efficiencies are required to reduce the overall cost per watt peak (W). In this regard, PV cell manufacturers are currently adopting thinner wafers, which tends to increase the surface recombination velocity (SRV). Excellent surface passivation at the front and rear of the PV cell becomes imperative for realizing superior efficienciy on c-Si substrates. In this article, our focus is to discuss the role of the surface passivation process for improving the PV cell efficiency. The fundamentals and strategies to improve the surface passivation for c-Si solar cells are discussed. Surface passivation schemes and materials with the ability to offer field effect passivation with dielectric charges (positive/negative) present in the passivation films were reviewed. Moreover, we discuss the use of a thin-dielectric passivation layer with a properly selected work function and band offsets for tunneling contacts, facilitating a higher efficiency potential. Finaly, the front/rear surface passivation schemes required for thinner wafers to maintain higher bulk lifetime and higher efficiencies for c-Si solar cells are presented.</P>

Design of an Assistance Robot for Patients Suffering from Paraplegia

Shakir Khan,Muhammad Fahad Zeb,Nouman Ghafoor,Saad Jamshed,Muhammad Raheel Afzal,Amre Eizad 제어로봇시스템학회 2015 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

The people with disabled lower limbs find it difficult to lead an independent life and the lack of upper body exercise may lead to disuse ailment. Various studies have shown that both children and adults benefit substantially from access to a means of independent mobility. Independent mobility is a dream for every person with some or the other physical disability especially in the case of paraplegics. In the research presented in this paper, an assistance platform was developed to help the paraplegic and elderly people by providing the ability to stand-up and move about. Virtual prototype technology was used to make the design and development of the robot more efficient using Solid-works™. The device developed may be used for rehabilitation of people recovering from extended periods of limb disuse and for paraplegic patients. Although some commercialized training machines and some developed lower-limb rehabilitation robots can perform adequate motion functions during lower limb training programs but the weight, size and cost of these devices limits their possibilities of use. In contrast, the proposed design has the potential to be used among the middle socio-economic class as a product in daily household works of the paraplegic patients.

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Aluminum Matrix Composite Containing Boron Carbide and Al-Cu-Fe Quasicrystals

Mahmood Khan,Muhammad Zulfaqar,Fahad Ali,Tayyab Subhani 대한금속·재료학회 2017 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.23 No.4

Hybrid aluminum matrix composites containing particles of boron carbide and quasicrystals were manufactured toexplore the combined effect of reinforcements on microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of thecomposites. The particles were incorporated at a loading of 6 wt% each making a total of 12 wt% reinforcement inpure aluminum. For comparison, two composites containing individually reinforced 12 wt% particles were alsoprepared along with a reference specimen of pure aluminum. Ball milling technique was employed to mix the compositeconstituents. The green bodies of composite powders were prepared by uniaxial pressing at room temperaturefollowed by consolidation by pressureless sintering under inert atmosphere. The microstructural characterizationwas performed using scanning electron microscopy while phase identification was carried out by X-ray diffraction. The mechanical characterization was performed by Vickers hardness and compression tests. Hybrid compositesshowed increased compressive properties while the composites containing solely quasicrystals demonstratedimproved hardness. The increase in mechanical performance was related to the microstructural evolution due tothe presence and uniform dispersion of binary particles.

Text writing in the air

Faisal Baig,Muhammad Fahad Khan,Saira Beg 한국정보디스플레이학회 2013 Journal of information display Vol.14 No.4

This paper presents a real-time video-based pointing method that allows the sketching and writing of English text over air in front of a mobile camera. The proposed method has two main tasks. First, it tracks the colored fingertip in the video frames and then applies English optical character reorganization over the plotted images to recognize the written characters. Moreover, the proposed method provides a natural human–system interaction without requiring a keypad, stylus, pen, glove,or any other device for character inputs. For the experiments, an application was developed using OpenCv with the JAVA language. The proposed method was tested on a Samsung Galaxy3 android mobile phone. The proposed algorithm showed an average accuracy rate of 92.083% when tested for different shaped alphabets. Here, more than 3000 different shaped characters were used. The proposed system is a software-based approach and is relevantly very simple, fast, and easy to use. It does not require sensors or any hardware other than a camera and red tape, and is applicable to all disconnected languages. It has one issue, though it is color-sensitive in that the existence of any red-colored object in the background before the start of and during the character writing can lead to false results.

Adaptive k-means clustering for Flying Ad-hoc Networks

( Ali Raza ),( Muhammad Fahad Khan ),( Muazzam Maqsood ),( Bilal Haider ),( Farhan Aadil ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2020 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.14 No.6

Flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) is a vibrant research area nowadays. This type of network ranges from various military and civilian applications. FANET is formed by micro and macro UAVs. Among many other problems, there are two main issues in FANET. Limited energy and high mobility of FANET nodes effect the flight time and routing directly. Clustering is a remedy to handle these types of problems. In this paper, an efficient clustering technique is proposed to handle routing and energy problems. Transmission range of FANET nodes is dynamically tuned accordingly as per their operational requirement. By optimizing the transmission range packet loss ratio (PLR) is minimized and link quality is improved which leads towards reduced energy consumption. To elect optimal cluster heads (CHs) based on their fitness we use k-means. Selection of optimal CHs reduce the routing overhead and improves energy consumption. Our proposed scheme outclasses the existing state-of-the-art techniques, ACO based CACONET and PSO based CLPSO, in terms of energy consumption and cluster building time.

Text writing in the air

Baig, Faisal,Khan, Muhammad Fahad,Beg, Saira 한국정보디스플레이학회 2013 Journal of information display Vol.14 No.4

This paper presents a real-time video-based pointing method that allows the sketching and writing of English text over air in front of a mobile camera. The proposed method has two main tasks. First, it tracks the colored fingertip in the video frames and then applies English optical character reorganization over the plotted images to recognize the written characters. Moreover, the proposed method provides a natural human-system interaction without requiring a keypad, stylus, pen, glove, or any other device for character inputs. For the experiments, an application was developed using OpenCv with the JAVA language. The proposed method was tested on a Samsung Galaxy3 android mobile phone. The proposed algorithm showed an average accuracy rate of 92.083% when tested for different shaped alphabets. Here, more than 3000 different shaped characters were used. The proposed system is a software-based approach and is relevantly very simple, fast, and easy to use. It does not require sensors or any hardware other than a camera and red tape, and is applicable to all disconnected languages. It has one issue, though it is color-sensitive in that the existence of any red-colored object in the background before the start of and during the character writing can lead to false results.