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Treatment of industrial low grade palm oil via esterification reaction using sonoreactor
Adeeb Hayyan,Mohd Ali Hashim,Mohamed E.S. Mirghani,Maan Hayyan,Inas M. AlNashef 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.4
In this study, the reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) in low grade palm oil (LGPO) was conducted at various sonication times, ranging from 30 to 300 min. Screening of various acids was reported and selected acid was considered for further study. The results found that strong acids such as sulfuric acid to be superior to other acids. The FFA content of LGPO decreased from 20% to less than 3%, using sulfuric acid at optimum conditions. Treated LGPO can be used as a new type of fuel for various applications such as biodiesel production.
Adeeb Hayyan,Mohd Ali Hashim,Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani,Maan Hayyan,Inas Muen AlNashef 한국화학공학회 2013 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.30 No.6
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) was used to reduce the high free fatty acids (FFA) content in sludge palm oil (SPO). The FFA content of SPO was converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via esterification reaction. The treated sludge palm oil was used as a raw material for biodiesel production by transesterification process. Several working parameters were optimized, such as dosage of catalyst, molar ratio, reaction temperature and time. Less than 2% of the FFA content was the targeted value. The results showed that the FFA content of SPO was reduced from 16% to less than 2% using the optimum conditions. The yield of the final product after the alkaline transesterification was 84% with 0.07% FFA and the ester content was 96.7%. All other properties met the international standard specifications for biodiesel quality such as EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.
Investigating the electrochemical windows of ionic liquids
Maan Hayyan,Farouq S. Mjalli,Mohd Ali Hashim,Inas M. AlNashef,Tan Xue Mei 한국공업화학회 2013 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.19 No.1
The structure effect on the electrochemical windows (EWs) was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 16 ionic liquids (ILs), consisting of various cations such as piperidinium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium,phosphonium, morpholinium, ammonium, sulfonium and imidazolium, and anions including bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, dicyanamide, trifluoroacetate and trifluoromethanesulfonate. It was found that all studied ILs have good EWs to be utilized as electrolytes in different electrochemical applications pertaining to industry. Furthermore, it was found that the structure of ILs affected the EW and both the cation and anion have important effect on the reductive and oxidative limits, respectively. The reductive limits of the studied ILs were found to follow the sequence of [P14,666]+ > [N112,1O2]+ > [HMPyrr]+ > [BMPyrr]+ > [EMIm]+ > [MOEMMor]+≈[MOPMPip]+ > [S222]+ > [BMPy]+≈[HPy]+≈ [HPPy]+. The oxidative limits were found to follow the sequence of [TFSI]ˉ > [TPTP]ˉ > [TfO]ˉ > [DCA]ˉ > [TFA]ˉ. 2012 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.