영국의 저임금 및 무급인턴 보호 방안

Melanie Simms 한국노동연구원 2015 국제노동브리프 Vol.13 No.12

노동시장 내에서 청년들이 상대적으로 취약한 입지에 있다는 것은 다른 집단들에 비해 착취 위험에 더 크게 노출되어 있음을 의미한다. 젊은이들에게 첫 일자리를 확보하고 근무 경험을 쌓는다는 것은 점점 더 어려운 일이 되고 있으며, 이로 인해 청년들은 교육 종료 시점에 취약한 위치에 처하는 경우가 적지 않다. 결과적으로 인턴제는 청년들이 자신의 관심 업종 및 직종에서 경험을 쌓을 수 있는 유용한 기회가 될 수 있다. 하지만 그와 동시에 무급 또는 저임금, 장시간 근무 및 기타 형태의 불안정 요소들을 포함한 열악한 조건의 피해자가 될 가능성도 크다. 이들을‘ 노무제공자’와‘ 자원활동가’ 중 어디로 분류해야 하는지에 대한 일관된 정의가 없기 때문에 이들의 법적 권리는 매우 불확실하다. 인턴이 노무제공자임이 분명한 경우에도, 권리는 제한적이며 강행하기가 어렵다. 결과적으로 전국 단위의 그리고 인턴제가 보편화 및 확산되고 있는 업종별 노조들이 최악의 착취 행태를 적발하고 방지하는 주요 기제로서 기능하여 왔다. 하지만 영국 노사관계에서 노조의 지위가 상대적으로 약하기 때문에 이러한 캠페인과 활동들은 제한적일 수밖에 없다. 이러한 진공 상태에서 CIPD와 같은 일부 사용자단체들이 인턴 채용 및 관리의 모범관행을 강조하는 사용자들을 위한 지침을 마련하였다. 이러한 지침은 상당한 관심을 받고 있으며 때로는 기관 및 근로자 모두에 도움이 될 수 있는 자료로 활용되기도 한다. 종합해 보면 영국의 노동시장에서 인턴제 사용의 확산은 상당히 우려할 만한 상황이며, 착취적인 관행을 규제하기 위한 노력도 일부 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 영국이 노동권에 대한 일반적 접근방식에 있어 오랫동안 법적 규제를 피하고 단체교섭의 실효성을 최소화하는 쪽을 선호해 온 탓에, 이러한 캠페인과 대책들의 실효성은 제한적일 수밖에 없다.

Spasm, stenosis and shelves: balloon-assisted tracking techniques in endovascular interventions

Melanie Walker,Louis J Kim,Michael R Levitt,Basavaraj Ghodke 대한뇌혈관외과학회 2020 Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neuros Vol.22 No.1

The technique of balloon-assisted tracking (BAT) has been demonstrated in transradial cardio-angiographic procedures. Using three commonly encountered clinical scenarios, we outline the technical details of BAT for managing peripheral and cerebral interventions with challenging vascular access. We describe methods used to overcome vasospasm, stenosis and vascular shelves during interventions for acute ischemic stroke, but these issues are not unique to neuroendovascular cases and the techniques can be applied across all endovascular interventions. We present three acute stroke interventions where anatomic challenges were overcome with the use of endovascular BAT. This article describes a novel application for BAT techniques in endovascular interventions to assist with access in peripheral, cervical and intracranial vessels. These methods can also be used to improve access during diagnostic cerebral angiography. BAT is a useful adjunct when navigating catheters through vasospasm, tortuous anatomy, vascular step-offs or intraluminal plaques.

Context and Culture in Language Learning and Teaching

Melanie Vandenhoven 대한영어교육학회 2003 Korea TESOL Journal Vol.6 No.1

Marriage Migration and Empowerment : Unveiling the Narratives of Filipino Women Married to Korean Nationals

Melanie M. Reyes 한국이민학회 2020 한국이민학 = Korean journal of international migration Vol.7 No.2

Impaired Autoproteolytic Cleavage of mCLCA6, a Murine Integral Membrane Protein Expressed in Enterocytes, Leads to Cleavage at the Plasma Membrane Instead of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Melanie K. Bothe,Achim D. Gruber,Lars Mundhenk,Carol L. Beck,Matthias Kaup 한국분자세포생물학회 2012 Molecules and cells Vol.33 No.3

CLCA proteins (calcium-activated chloride channel regulators) have been linked to diseases involving secretory disorders, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. They have been shown to modulate endogenous chloride conductance, possibly by acting as metalloproteases. Based on the differential processing of the subunits after post-translational cleavage, two subgroups of CLCA proteins can be distinguished. In one subgroup, both subunits are secreted, in the other group, the carboxy-terminal subunit possesses a transmembrane segment, resulting in shedding of only the amino-terminal subunit. Recent data on the post-translational cleavage and proteolytic activity of CLCA are limited to secreted CLCA. In this study, we cha-racterized the cleavage of mCLCA6, a murine CLCA pos-sessing a transmembrane segment. As for secreted CLCA, the cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum was not observed for a protein with the E157Q mutation in the HEXXH motif of mCLCA6, suggesting that this mutant protein and secreted CLCA family members share a similar autoproteolytic cleavage mechanism. In contrast to secreted CLCA proteins with the E157Q mutation, the uncleaved precursor of the mCLCA6E157Q mutant reached the plasma membrane, where it was cleaved and the amino-terminal subunit was shed into the supernatant. Using crude membrane fractions, we showed that cleavage of the mCLCA6E157Q protein is zinc-dependent and sensitive to metalloprotease inhibitors, suggesting secondary cleavage by a metalloprotease. Interestingly, anchorage of mCLCA6E157Q to the plasma membrane is not essential for its secondary cleavage, because the mCLCA6∆TME157Q mutant still underwent cleavage. Our data suggest that the processing of CLCA proteins is more complex than previously recognized.

The Murine Goblet Cell Protein mCLCA3 Is a Zinc-Dependent Metalloprotease with Autoproteolytic Activity

Melanie K. Bothe,Lars Mundhenk,Matthias Kaup,Christoph Weise,Achim D. Gruber 한국분자세포생물학회 2011 Molecules and cells Vol.32 No.6

Several members of the CLCA family of proteins, origi-nally named chloride channels, calcium-activated, have been shown to modulate chloride conductance in various cell types via an unknown mechanism. Moreover, the human (h) hCLCA1 is thought to modulate the severity of disease in asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. All CLCA proteins are post-translationally cleaved into two subunits, and recently, a conserved HEXXH zinc-binding amino acid motif has been identified, suggesting a role for CLCA proteins as metalloproteases. Here, we have characterized the cleavage and autoproteolytic activity of the murine model protein mCLCA3, which represents the murine orthologue of human hCLCA1. Using crude membrane fractions from transfected HEK293 cells, we demonstrate that mCLCA3 cleavage is zinc-dependent and exclusively inhibited by cation-chelating metalloprotease inhibitors. Cellular transport and secretion were not affected in response to a cleavage defect that was introduced by the insertion of an E157Q mutation within the HEXXH motif of mCLCA3. Interspecies conservation of these key results was further confirmed with the porcine (p) orthologue of hCLCA1 and mCLCA3, pCLCA1. Importantly, the mCLCA3E157Q mutant was cleaved after co-transfection with the wild-type mCLCA3 in HEK293 cells, suggesting that an intermolecular autoproteolytic event takes place. Edman degradation and MALDI-TOF-MS of the protein fragments identified a single cleavage site in mCLCA3 between amino acids 695 and 696. The data strongly sug-gest that secreted CLCA proteins have zinc-dependent autoproteolytic activity and that they may cleave additional proteins.

Understanding Young Children’s Moral Judgments Regarding Testimony Information

( Melanie Killen ),노지영 ( Jee Young Noh ) 한국유아교육학회 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.24 No.S

This paper examined whether children would receive others’ testimony or abide by their own moral evaluations when making judgments in a social exclusion context. A total of 139 children (mean age = 5.68) divided into two age groups (4-5 years, 6-7 years) were compared in their moral judgments. Children were first introduced to a social exclusion scenario (“a group of friends excluded one person due to his skin color”), followed by contrasting testimony information from a peer consensus group and an adult authority. One side of informants argued that the event was acceptable, while the other side argued that the event was unacceptable (counter-balanced). Results showed that in evaluating the social exclusion scenario, children used their own interpretation to judge the wrongfulness of the event rather than the testimony information received. That is, children disregarded any testimony that did not align with their own moral interpretation, regardless of whether the testimony came from a peer consensus group or an adult authority. Further, as children’s moral thinking develops with age, older children (6-7 years) are more likely to make moral judgments based on their interpretation compared to younger children (4-5 years).

Giving China Leverage

Melanie Hart 동아시아재단 2017 Global Asia Vol.12 No.4

The Health and Occupation Research Network: An Evolving Surveillance System

Melanie Carder,Louise Hussey,Annemarie Money,Matthew Gittins,Roseanne McNamee,Susan Jill Stocks,Dil Sen,Raymond M. Agius 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.3

Vital to the prevention of work-related ill-health (WRIH) is the availability of good quality data regarding WRIH burden and risks. Physician-based surveillance systems such as The Health and Occupation Research (THOR) network in the UK are often established in response to limitations of statutory, compensation-based systems for addressing certain epidemiological aspects of disease surveillance. However, to fulfil their purpose, THOR and others need to have methodologic rigor in capturing and ascertaining cases. This article describes how data collected by THOR and analogous systems can inform WRIH incidence, trends, and other determinants. An overview of the different strands of THOR research is provided, including methodologic advancements facilitated by increased data quantity/quality over time and the value of the research outputs for informing Government and other policy makers. In doing so, the utility of data collected by systems such as THOR to address a wide range of research questions, both in relation to WRIH and to wider issues of public and social health, is demonstrated.

Return Migration of Overseas Filipinos

Melanie M. Reyes 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2017 전남대학교 세계한상문화연구단 국제학술회의 Vol.2017 No.11

Philippines is considered to be one of the largest migrant countries of origin in the world. International migration has shaped the Philippines economic, socio-political and cultural development over the past decades. Though it started as a temporary measure to ease unemployment, it has become a permanent pattern for many to pursue better opportunities and incentives. Furthermore, migration has increasingly gendered where 90% of domestic workers are women. The Philippine government attempts to provide safety measures to protect the rights of Filipino overseas but many are still trapped in vulnerable situations. The government also provides reintegration programs which are quite good but many Filipino migrants and immigrants are unaware of. This paper looks at the reasons why many Filipino overseas would rather take the risk to work and stay in a foreign land rather than settle permanently in the country.