1950년대 후반 중국사회의 상황과 조선족 문학의 변화 -김학철을 중심으로

김미란(Jin, MeiLan),리해연(Li, HaiYan) 국어국문학회 2020 국어국문학 Vol.0 No.193

1957년에 일어났던 반우파 투쟁은 중화인민공화국 역사에서 극히 관건적인 사건이다. 소련의 수정주의 정책과 헝가리에 대한 소련의 침공으로 인한 사회 불안을 잠재우기 위해 내세운 ‘쌍백방침(雙百方針)’이라는 구호는 1957년에 이르러 적극적으로 관철, 집행되었다. 당중앙의 이런 정신은 연변문단에도 받아들여져 실천되었으나 ‘쌍백방침’에 대한 이해에 오류를 범해 문단의 중견이 대거 숙청되는 결과를 낳았다. 반우파 투쟁시기 중국작가협회 연변분회는 설립 당시 회원 39명 중 19명이 우파로 몰린 바, 이처럼 높은 비율은 중국 전체에서 유일하였다. 연변문단에서 광범하게 진행되었던 반우파 투쟁은 합리적인 논쟁과 합법적인 절차에 따른 조치가 아니라 권력의 강력한 물리력을 배경으로 하였다. 이 시기 김학철을 비롯한 우파로 몰린 문인들과 이들을 우파로 몰아간 문인 및 기타 인사들이 남긴 문자 기록에서 연변에서의 반우파 투쟁 전개 과정 중에 보여준 여러 문인의 역사적 사실이 드러난다. 연변문단의 제1호 우파였던 최정연을 비롯해 김학철, 김순기, 김동구 등 우파 문인들의 비판받았던 작품들이나 발언 기록에서 반당, 반사회주의 적인 것은 거의 존재하지 않는다. 이들의 의견을 살펴보면 공산당의 정권을 전복하려는 주장이 아니라 당의 영도 방향을 개선하기 위한 귀중한 의견이었다. 그러나 그들은 우파라는 모자를 썼고, 비판과 투쟁으로 인하여 작가 생명의 황금기를 박탈당했다. 김학철, 최정연, 주선우, 서헌 등은 1950년대 연변문단의 우수한 문인들이며 최고의 지식분자들이었다. 1957년 그들이 숙청되자 연변문단에서는 공정성과 비판성을 지닌 지식인 공동체가 형성될 수 없어 그들 세대를 이어갈 후배를 발굴하고 역량을 키우는 데 실패했다. 그 결과, 연변문단은 오랜 기간 현실 대응력을 갖추고 진실을 추구하는 문학 전통이 사라지는 비극을 맞이하게 되었다. The anti-right struggle that took place in 1957 is a critical event in the history of the People’s Republic of China. In 1957, the slogan “Ssangbaek Policy” was actively implemented and implemented to alleviate social unrest caused by the Soviet revisionist policy and the Soviet invasion of Hungary. This spirit of the party’s center was also accepted and practiced in Yanbian, and at the peak of the anti-right struggle, the Yanbian munition faced a desolation of the literary center. The Yanbian paragraph made an error in understanding the ‘Ssangbaek Policy’, and when the Yanbian Branch of the Chinese Writers Association was established, 19 out of 39 members flocked to the right, and this high rate was unique in China as well. The widespread anti-right struggle in Yanbian was based on the physical power of power of the leadership, not rational debates and legal procedures. The literary records by those who were driven to the right at this time with Hakchul Kim as the center, those who drove them to the right, and other figures reveal the various forms and historical facts of the literary figures during the development of the anti-right struggle in Yanbian. There are hardly any anti-dang or anti-socialist works in the records or commentaries that have been criticized by many writers, including Jeongyeon Choi, the first right-wing member of the Yanbian section, and Hakchul Kim, Soonki Kim and Donggu Kim. All of them were unjustly accused of right-wing tendencies, and were deprived of the golden age of the writer’s life due to criticism and struggle. However, looking at their opinions, they were not claims to overthrow the communist party’s regime, but rather valuable opinions to improve the party’s leadership direction. Hakchul Kim, Jeongyeon Choi, Seonwoo Joo, and Heon Seo, who were driven to the right, were excellent literary men and the most well-regarded intellectuals of the Yanbian literature in the 1950s. However, after they were purged in 1957, since there could no longer be a community of intellectuals with fairness and criticism in Yanbian, they were unable to find successive juniors and develop their capabilities. As a result, for a long period of time, the literary tradition of responding to reality and pursuing the truth disappeared in Yanbian, leading to a tragedy in which the literary paragraph declined.

신집거지 조선족의 향우회 활동과 특성

선봉규(Sun Bongkyu),이미란(Li Meilan) 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2018 전남대학교 세계한상문화연구단 국내학술회의 Vol.2018 No.10

Sorption behavior of Eu(III) on Tamusu clay under strong ionic strength: Batch experiments and BSE/EDS analysis

Zhang, Han,He, Hanyi,Liu, Jun,Li, Honghui,Zhao, Shuaiwei,Jia, Meilan,Yang, Jijun,Liu, Ning,Yang, Yuanyou,Liao, Jiali Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.1

The europium sorption on Tamusu clay was investigated by batch sorption experiments and spectroscopic study under the condition of strong ionic strength. The results demonstrated that europium sorption on Tamusu clay increased rapidly with pH value, but decreased with the ionic strength of solution increased. The europium sorption also increased in the presence of humic acid, especially at low pH value. The sorption could be fitted by Freundlich isotherm model and the europium sorption on clay was spontaneous and endothermic reaction. Besides, the result indicates that ion exchange was the main process at low pH value, while inner-sphere surface complexation dominated the sorption process at high pH value. The Backscatter electron scanning/Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(BSE/EDS) and the effect of Na for europium sorption results further suggested that europium sorption on Tamusu clay mainly competed with Na at low pH value. Overall, the results in this research were of significance to understand the sorption behavior of europium on the geological media under high ionic strength.

Identification of pepper genes involved in the response to CO 2 enrichment using RNA-Seq analysis

Jing Zhang,Rui Bai,Mengya Shang,Xiaoyong Xu,Hongxia Song,Shaowen Zheng,Leiping Hou,Meilan Li,Guoming Xing 한국원예학회 2021 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.62 No.1

Pepper is widely cultivated, and the application of CO 2 promotes photosynthesis and increases its yield. However, the molecularmechanisms underlying this are still unclear. In this study, the photosynthetic correlation indexes under elevated CO 2and control conditions were compared. The application of CO 2 increased the photosynthetic capacity of pepper. Moreover,RNA-Seq analysis was used to identify genes that were diff erentially expressed between pepper leaves grown in CO 2 -enrichedconditions and those grown in control conditions. The 149 diff erentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involvedin photosynthesis and other metabolic processes. According to GO signifi cant enrichment analysis, the proteins encodedby the DEGs were mainly found to be located in the chloroplast, the chloroplast matrix, and the apoplast. According toKEGG signifi cant enrichment analysis, the DEGs were found to be involved in glutathione metabolism; starch and sucrosemetabolism; and stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, gingerol, fl avonoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The DEGs were alsoinvolved in the pentose phosphate pathway, carbon metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Based on theGO annotation and the KEGG database analysis, ten of the DEGs identifi ed were suggested to be involved in photosynthesisand related processes; these genes were predicted to have roles in carbohydrate, soluble sugar, and glutathione metabolism,and in raffi nose, cysteine, nucleotide, and ABA biosynthesis. These DEGs are involved in the pentose phosphate pathwayand tricarboxylic acid cycle of carbon assimilation during photosynthesis. One of the DEGs was also found to be involved inchlorophyll biosynthesis. These results lay the foundation for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms and genesinvolved in the response to CO 2 enrichment in peppers.

Cloning and Characterization of the LFY Homologue from Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)

Xianhui Qi,Brad Townsley,José Antonio Aguilar-Martínez,Lihui Yin,Xingying Gao,Leiping Hou,Meiying Gao,Meilan Li 한국원예학회 2015 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.56 No.6

Flowering is critical to the growth and development of plants, and LFY gene homologues play a major role in flowering initiation. To understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying floral initiation and development in Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, BrpLFY, a homologue of LFY, was cloned using RT-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA sequence of BrpLFY is 1,341 bp in length, with an ORF of 1,245 bp encoding a predicted protein of 415 amino acids. The predicted protein showed a high degree of identity with LFY homologues from other angiosperm species. Real-time PCR analysis showed that BrpLFY mRNA was detected in all tissues during plant development from the vegetative state to fully differentiated flowers, and its expression was highest in the cotyledon and lowest in the root. BrpLFY expression in the shoot apex increased gradually during vegetative growth and increased dramatically at stage 1 of flower bud differentiation. The relative expression peaked at stage 5 and then decreased in later stages. Moreover, the trend in BrpLFY expression level change in the shoot apex was similar regardless of variety or vernalization method. The relative expression of BrpLFY in leaves gradually decreased with leaf development. We overexpressed the gene in Arabidopsis thaliana using the floral dip method, and examined flowering time in wild-type and transgenic plants. Overexpression of BrpLFY specifically caused early flowering; the transgenic plants flowered 10-14 d earlier than did wild-type plants, and leaf number decreased by 0.5-1 when the plants bolted. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of BrpLFY in transgenic Arabidopsis was higher than in wild-type plants. These results indicate that BrpLFY plays a role in promoting flowering in Chinese cabbage.