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Simulation of Ultrasonic Stress During Impact Phase in Wire Bonding
Mayer, Michael The Korean Microelectronics and Packaging Society 2013 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.20 No.4
As thermosonic ball bonding is developed for more and more advanced applications in the electronic packaging industry, the control of process stresses induced on the integrated circuits becomes more important. If Cu bonding wire is used instead of Au wire, larger ultrasonic levels are common during bonding. For advanced microchips the use of Cu based wire is risky because the ultrasonic stresses can cause chip damage. This risk needs to be managed by e.g. the use of ultrasound during the impact stage of the ball on the pad ("pre-bleed") as it can reduce the strain hardening effect, which leads to a softer deformed ball that can be bonded with less ultrasound. To find the best profiles of ultrasound during impact, a numerical model is reported for ultrasonic bonding with capillary dynamics combined with a geometrical model describing ball deformation based on volume conservation and stress balance. This leads to an efficient procedure of ball bond modelling bypassing plasticity and contact pairs. The ultrasonic force and average stress at the bond zone are extracted from the numerical experiments for a $50{\mu}m$ diameter free air ball deformed by a capillary with a hole diameter of $35{\mu}m$ at the tip, a chamfer diameter of $51{\mu}m$, a chamfer angle of $90^{\circ}$, and a face angle of $1^{\circ}$. An upper limit of the ultrasonic amplitude during impact is derived below which the ultrasonic shear stress at the interface is not higher than 120 MPa, which can be recommended for low stress bonding.
Mayer Horacio F.,Huatuco René M. Palacios,Ramírez Mariano F.,Buena Ignacio T. Piedra 대한성형외과학회 2023 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.50 No.6
Blunt breast trauma occurs in 2% of blunt chest injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence on breast reconstruction after blunt trauma associated with the use of a seat belt. Also, we describe the first case of breast reconstruction using the Ribeiro technique. In November 2022, a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The literature was screened independently by two reviewers, and the data was extracted. Our search terms included breast, mammoplasty, blunt injury, and seat belts. In addition, we present the case of a woman with a left breast deformity and her reconstruction using the inferior Ribeiro flap technique. Six articles were included. All included studies were published between 2010 and 2021. The studies recruited seven patients. According to the Teo and Song classification, seven class 2b cases were reported. In five cases a breast reduction was performed in the deformed breast with different types of pedicles (three superomedial flaps, one lower flap, one superior flap). Only one case presented complications. The case here presented was a type 2b breast deformity in which the lower Ribeiro pedicle was used successfully without complications during follow-up. Until now there has been no consensus on reconstructive treatment due to the rarity of this entity. However, we must consider surgical treatment individually for each patient. We believe that the Ribeiro technique is a feasible and safe alternative in the treatment of posttraumatic breast deformities, offering very good long-term results.
Beam-target double-spin asymmetry in quasielastic electron scattering off the deuteron with CLAS
Mayer, M.,Kuhn, S. E.,Adhikari, K. P.,Akbar, Z.,Anefalos Pereira, S.,Asryan, G.,Avakian, H.,Badui, R. A.,Ball, J.,Baltzell, N. A.,Battaglieri, M.,Bedlinskiy, I.,Biselli, A. S.,Boiarinov, S.,Bosted, P. American Physical Society 2017 Physical Review C Vol.95 No.2
<P>Conclusions: Final-state interactions seem to play a lesser role for polarization observables in deuteron two-body electrodisintegration than for absolute cross sections. Our data, while limited in statistical power, indicate that PWIA models work reasonably well to understand the asymmetries at lower missing momenta. In turn, this information can be used to extract the product of beam and target polarization (PbPt) from quasielastic electron-deuteron scattering, which is useful for measurements of spin observables in electron-neutron inelastic scattering. However, at the highest missing (neutron) momenta, FSI effects become important and must be accounted for.</P>
Mayer, Florian,Lim, Jae Kyu,Langer, Julian D.,Kang, Sung Gyun,Mü,ller, Volker American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2015 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.290 No.11
<P>The ATP synthase of many archaea has the conserved sodium ion binding motif in its rotor subunit, implying that these A(1)A(O)-ATP synthases use Na+ as coupling ion. However, this has never been experimentally verified with a purified system. To experimentally address the nature of the coupling ion, we have purified the A(1)A(O)-ATP synthase from T. onnurineus. It contains nine subunits that are functionally coupled. The enzyme hydrolyzed ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, and ITP with nearly identical activities of around 40 units/mg of protein and was active over a wide pH range with maximal activity at pH 7. Noteworthy was the temperature profile. ATP hydrolysis was maximal at 80 degrees C and still retained an activity of 2.5 units/mg of protein at 45 degrees C. The high activity of the enzyme at 45 degrees C opened, for the first time, a way to directly measure ion transport in an A(1)A(O)-ATP synthase. Therefore, the enzyme was reconstituted into liposomes generated from Escherichia coli lipids. These proteoliposomes were still active at 45 degrees C. and coupled ATP hydrolysis to primary and electrogenic Na+ transport. This is the first proof of Na+ transport by an A(1)A(O)-ATP synthase and these findings are discussed in light of the distribution of the sodium ion binding motif in archaea and the role of Na+ in the bioenergetics of archaea.</P>