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Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia
Lunt, M. F.,Park, S.,Li, S.,Henne, S.,Manning, A. J.,Ganesan, A. L.,Simpson, I. J.,Blake, D. R.,Liang, Q.,O'Doherty, S.,Harth, C. M.,Mü,hle, J.,Salameh, P. K.,Weiss, R. F.,Krummel, P. B.,Fraser, P American Geophysical Union 2018 Geophysical research letters Vol.45 No.20
Improvement of lower hybrid current drive systems for high-power and long-pulse operation on EAST
Wang M.,Liu L.,Zhao L.M.,Li M.H.,Ma W.D.,Hu H.C.,Wu Z.G.,Feng J.Q.,Yang Y.,Zhu L.,Chen M.,Zhou T.A.,Jia H.,Zhang J.,Cao L.,Zhang L.,Liang R.R.,Ding B.J.,Zhang X.J.,Shan J.F.,Liu F.K.,Ekedahl A.,Gonich 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.11
Aiming at high-power and long-pulse operation up to 1000 s, some improvements have been made for both 2.45 GHz and 4.6 GHz lower hybrid (LH) systems during the recent 5 years. At first, the guard limiters of the LH antennas with graphite tiles were upgraded to tungsten, the most promising material for plasma facing components in nuclear fusion devices. These new guard limiters can operate at a peak power density of 12.9 MW/m2 . Strong hot spots were usually observed on the old graphite limiters when 4.6 GHz system operated with power >2.0 MW [B. N. Wan et al., Nucl. Fusion 57 (2017) 102019], leading to a reduction of the maximum power capability. With the new limiters, 4.6 GHz LH system, the main current drive (CD) and electron heating tool for EAST, can be operated with power >2.5 MW routinely. Long-pulse operation up to 100 s with 4.6 GHz LH power of 2.4 MW was achieved in 2021 and the maximal temperature on the guard limiters measured by an infrared (IR) camera was about 540 C, much below the permissible value of tungsten material (~1200 C). A discharge with a duration of 1056 s was achieved and the 4.6 GHz LH energy injected into the plasma was up to 1.05 GJ. Secondly, the fully-activemultijunction (FAM) launcher of 2.45 GHz system was upgraded to a passive-active-multijunction (PAM), for which the density of optimum coupling was relatively low (below the cut-off value). Good coupling with reflection coefficient ~3% has been achieved with plasma-antenna distance up to 11 cm for the new PAM. Finally, in order to eliminate the effect of ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) wave on 4.6 GHz LH wave coupling, the location of the ICRF launcher was changed to a port that is located 157.5 toroidally from the 4.6 GHz LH system and is not magnetically connected
Activation of antiferromagnetic domain switching in exchange-coupled Fe/CoO/MgO(001) systems
Li, Q.,Chen, G.,Ma, T. P.,Zhu, J.,N'Diaye, A. T.,Sun, L.,Gu, T.,Huo, Y.,Liang, J. H.,Li, R. W.,Won, C.,Ding, H. F.,Qiu, Z. Q.,Wu, Y. Z. American Physical Society 2015 Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials Vol.91 No.13
Liu, Chieh-Wen,Liu, Chieh-I,Liang, C-T,Kim, Gil-Ho,Huang, C F,Hang, D R,Chang, Y H,Ritchie, D A Institute of Physics 2017 Semiconductor science and technology Vol.32 No.8
<P>Temperature-driven flow lines are studied in the conductivity plane in a GaAs-based two-dimensional electron system containing self-assembled InAs dots when Landau level filling factor <I>ν</I> = 2-4. In the insulator-quantum Hall (I-QH) transition resulting from the floating-up of the extended states, the flow diagram shows the critical behavior and we observed the expected semicircle in the strongest disorder case. By decreasing the effective disorder, we find that such flow lines can leave the I-QH regime and correspond to the plateau–plateau transition between <I>ν</I> = 4 and 2. The evolution of the conductivity curve at low magnetic fields demonstrates the importance of Landau-level mixing to the semicircle when the extended states float up.</P>
Deregulation of DNA Damage Signal Transduction by Herpesvirus Latency-Associated M2
Liang, Xiaozhen,Pickering, Mary T.,Cho, Nam-Hyuk,Chang, Heesoon,Volkert, Michael R.,Kowalik, Timothy F.,Jung, Jae U. American Society for Microbiology 2006 Journal of virology Vol.80 No.12
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>Infected cells recognize viral replication as a DNA damage stress and elicit a DNA damage response that ultimately induces apoptosis as part of host immune surveillance. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism where the murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) latency-associated, anti-interferon M2 protein inhibits DNA damage-induced apoptosis by interacting with the DDB1/COP9/cullin repair complex and the ATM DNA damage signal transducer. M2 expression constitutively induced DDB1 nuclear localization and ATM kinase activation in the absence of DNA damage. Activated ATM subsequently induced Chk activation and p53 phosphorylation and stabilization without eliciting H2AX phosphorylation and MRN recruitment to foci upon DNA damage. Consequently, M2 expression inhibited DNA repair, rendered cells resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, and induced a G1 cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that γHV68 M2 blocks apoptosis-mediated intracellular innate immunity, which might ultimately contribute to its role in latent infection.</P>
Validation of ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart FISH Probe probe in non-small-cell lung cancer
Lim, S.M.,Chang, H.,Cha, Y.J.,Liang, S.,Tai, Y.C.,Li, G.,Pestova, E.,Policht, F.,Perez, T.,Soo, R.A.,Park, W.Y.,Kim, H.R.,Shim, H.S.,Cho, B.C. Elsevier Scientific Publishers 2017 Lung cancer Vol.111 No.-
Background: ALK and ROS1 gene rearrangements are distinct molecular subsets of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and they are strong predictive biomarkers of response to ALK/ROS1 inhibitors, such as crizotinib. Thus, it is clinically important to develop an effective screening strategy to detect patients who will benefit from such treatment. In this study, we aimed to validate analytical performance of Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit (RUO) in NSCLC. Methods: Study population composed of three patient cohorts with histologically confirmed lung adenocarcinoma (patients with ALK rearrangement, patients with ROS1 rearrangement and patients with wild-type ALK and ROS1). Specimens consisted of 12 ALK-positive, 8 ROS1-positive and 21 ALK/ROS1-wild type formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples obtained from surgical resection or excisional biopsy. ALK rearrangement was previously assessed by Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe Kit (Abbott Molecular, Abbot Park, IL, USA) and ROS1 rearrangement was previously assessed by ZytoLight<SUP>®</SUP> SPEC ROS1 Break Apart Probe (ZytoVision, GmbH). All specimens were re-evaluated by Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit. FISH images were scanned on BioView AllegroPlus system and interpreted via BioView SoloWeb remotely. Results: For a total of 41 patient samples, the concordance of the results by Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit was evaluated and compared to the known ALK and ROS1 rearrangement status of the specimen. Of the 12 ALK-positive cases, hybridization with Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit was successful in 10 cases (success rate 10/12, 83%) and of these 10 cases, all showed ALK rearrangement (100% concordance with the results of Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe Kit). Two of the ALK+ cases were excluded due to weak ROS1 signals that could not be enumerated. Of the 8 ROS1-positive cases, 6 cases were successfully evaluated using Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit. The success rate was 75% (6/8), and of these 6 cases, all showed ROS1 rearrangement, giving a 100% concordance with ZytoLight<SUP>®</SUP> SPEC ROS1 Break Apart Probe. Two of the cases were excluded due to weak ROS1 gold signal or high background. In the cohort of 21 wild-type cases, the success rate using Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart FISH Probe Kit was 85% (18/21) and the concordance with ALK and ROS1 probe kit was 100% (18/18). Conclusion: Vysis ALK/ROS1 Dual Break Apart Probe Kit (RUO) can detect ALK and ROS1 rearrangement simultaneously in NSCLC.
Rheological and mechanical properties of ABS/PC blends
Khan M.M.K.,Liang R.F.,Gupta R.K.,Agarwal S. The Korean Society of Rheology 2005 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.17 No.1
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC) and their alloys are an important class of engineering thermoplastics that are widely used for automotive industry, computer and equipment housings. For the process of recycling mixtures of ABS and PC, it is desirable to know how sensitive the blend properties are to changes in compositions. It was for this reason that blends of virgin ABS and virgin PC at five different compositions, namely, $15\%,\;30\%,\;50\%,\;70%$ and $85\%$ by weight of ABS were prepared and characterised by rheological and mechanical measurements. Rheological properties of these blends in steady, oscillatory and transient step shear and mechanical properties, namely, tensile strength, elongation-at-break and Izod impact strength are reported. The results show that PC behaves in a relatively Newtonian manner, but ABS exhibits significant shear thinning. The ABS-rich blends show a trend that is similar to that of ABS, while PC-rich blends, namely $0\%$ and $15\%$, exhibit a nearly Newtonian behaviour. However, at a fixed shear rate or frequency, the steady shear or the dynamic viscosity varied respectively in a non-mono-tonic manner with composition. Except for $15\%$ blend, the viscosities of other blends fall into a narrow band indicating a wide-operation window of varying blend ratio. The blends exhibited a lower viscosity than either of the two pure components. The other noticeable feature was that the blends at $70\%$ and $85\%$ ABS content had a higher G' than pure ABS, indicating an enhancement of elastic effect. The tensile yield strength of the blends followed the 'rule of mixtures' showing a decreasing value with the increase of ABS content in PC. However, the elongation-at-break and the impact strength did not appear to obey this 'rule of mixtures,' which suggests that morphology of the blends also plays a significant role in determining the properties. Indeed, scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces of the different blends validate this hypothesis, and the $15\%$ blend is seen to have the most distinct morphology and correspondingly different behaviour and properties.
Baxa, Michael C.,Yu, Wookyung,Adhikari, Aashish N.,Ge, Liang,Xia, Zhen,Zhou, Ruhong,Freed, Karl F.,Sosnick, Tobin R. National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.27
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>An outstanding issue in protein science is identifying the relationship between sequence and folding, e.g., do sequences having similar structures have similar folding pathways? The homologs Proteins G & L have been cited as a primary example where sequence variations dramatically affect folding dynamics. However, our new results indicate that the homologs have similar folding behavior. At the highest point on the reaction surface, the pathways converge to similar ensembles. These findings are distinct from descriptions based on the widely used mutational ϕ analysis, partly due to nonnative behavior. Our study emphasizes that significant challenges remain both in characterizing and predicting transition state ensembles even for relatively simple proteins whose folding behavior is believed to be well understood.</P><P>Experimental and computational folding studies of Proteins L & G and NuG2 typically find that sequence differences determine which of the two hairpins is formed in the transition state ensemble (TSE). However, our recent work on Protein L finds that its TSE contains both hairpins, compelling a reassessment of the influence of sequence on the folding behavior of the other two homologs. We characterize the TSEs for Protein G and NuG2b, a triple mutant of NuG2, using ψ analysis, a method for identifying contacts in the TSE. All three homologs are found to share a common and near-native TSE topology with interactions between all four strands. However, the helical content varies in the TSE, being largely absent in Proteins G & L but partially present in NuG2b. The variability likely arises from competing propensities for the formation of nonnative β turns in the naturally occurring proteins, as observed in our <I>TerItFix</I> folding algorithm. All-atom folding simulations of NuG2b recapitulate the observed TSEs with four strands for 5 of 27 transition paths [Lindorff-Larsen K, Piana S, Dror RO, Shaw DE (2011) <I>Science</I> 334(6055):517–520]. Our data support the view that homologous proteins have similar folding mechanisms, even when nonnative interactions are present in the transition state. These findings emphasize the ongoing challenge of accurately characterizing and predicting TSEs, even for relatively simple proteins.</P>