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Lee, M.,Nam, K.T.,Kim, J.,Lim, S.E.,Yeon, S.H.,Lee, B.,Lee, J.Y.,Lim, K.M. Pergamon ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Food and chemical toxicology Vol.108 No.1
Coal-tar dyes in cosmetics may elicit adverse effects in the skin and eyes. Countries, like the US, have banned the use of coal-tar dyes in cosmetics for the eye area due to the potential for ocular irritation. We evaluated the eye irritation potential of 15 coal-tar dyes permitted as cosmetic ingredients in reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCEs [EpiOcular(TM) and MCTT HCE(TM)]) tests and the short time exposure (STE) test. Eosin YS, phloxine B, tetrachlorotetrabromofluorescein, and tetrabromofluorescein were identified as irritants in RhCEs; dibromofluorescein and uranine yielded discrepant results. STE enabled further classification in accordance with the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, as follows: eosin YS as Cat 2; phloxine B, Cat 1; and tetrachlorotetrabromofluorescein and tetrabromofluorescein, Cat ½. STE indicated dibromofluorescein (irritant in EpiOcular(TM)) and uranine (irritant in MCTT HCE(TM)) as No Cat, resulting in the classification of ''No prediction can be made.'' based on bottom-up approach with each model. These results demonstrated that in vitro eye irritation tests can be utilized to evaluate the potential ocular irritancy of cosmetic ingredients and provide significant evidence with which to determine whether precautions should be given for the use of coal-tar dyes in cosmetics or other substances applied to the eye area.
Lee, M.,Yoon, J.,Song, H.,Lee, B.,Lam, D.T.,Yoon, J.,Baek, K.,Clevers, H.,Jeong, Y. Academic Press 2017 Developmental biology Vol.424 No.1
<P>The thalamus acts as a central integrator for processing and relaying sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex, and the habenula plays pivotal roles in emotive decision making by modulating dopaminergic and serotonergic circuits. These neural compartments are derived from a common developmental progenitor domain, called prosomere 2, in the caudal forebrain. Thalamic and habenular neurons exhibit distinct molecular profile, neurochemical identity, and axonal circuitry. However, the mechanisms of how their progenitors in prosomere 2 give rise to these two populations of neurons and contribute to the forebrain circuitry remains unclear. In this study, we discovered a previously unrecognized role for Tcf7l2, a transcription factor known as the canonical Wnt nuclear effector and diabetes risk-conferring gene, in establishing neuronal identity and circuits of the caudal forebrain. Using genetic and chemical axon tracers, we showed that efferent axons of the thalamus, known as the thalamocortical axons (TCAs), failed to elongate normally and strayed from their normal course to inappropriate locations in the absence of Tcf7l2. Further experiments with thalamic explants revealed that the pathfinding defects of Tcf7l2-deficient TCAs were associated at least in part with downregulation of guidance receptors Robol and Robo2 expression. Moreover, the fasciculus retroflexus, the main habenular output tract, was missing in embryos lacking Tcf7l2. These axonal defects may result from dysregulation of Nrp2 guidance receptor. Strikingly, loss of Tcf7l2 caused a post-mitotic identity switch between thalamic and habenular neurons. Despite normal acquisition of progenitor identity in prosomere 2, Tcf7l2-deficient thalamic neurons adopted a molecular profile of a neighboring forebrain derivative, the habenula. Conversely, habenular neurons failed to maintain their normal post-mitotic neuronal identity and acquired a subset of thalamic neuronal features in the absence of Tcf7l2. Our findings suggest a unique role for Tcf7l2 in generating distinct neuronal phenotypes from homogeneous progenitor population, and provide a better understanding of the mechanism underlying neuronal specification, differentiation, and connectivity of the developing caudal forebrain.</P>
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MISFIRE DETECTION SYSTEM USING NEURAL NETWORK
Lee, M.,Yoon, M.,SunWoo, M.,Park, S.,Lee, K. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.5
The detection of engine misfire events is one of major concerns in engine control due to its negative effect on air pollution and engine performance. In this paper, a misfire detection system based on crankshaft angular speed fluctuation is developed. Synthetic variable method is adopted for the preprocessing of crankshaft angular speed. This method successfully estimates the work output of each cylinder by finding the effect of combustion energy on the crankshaft rotational speed or acceleration after virtually removing the effect of the internal inertia forces from the measured crankshaft speed signals. The detection system is developed using neural network with the revised synthetic angular acceleration as input which is derived from the preprocessing. Mathematical simulation is carried out for developing and verifying the misfire detection system. Finally, the reliability of the developed system is validated through an experiment.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES CHANGE OF PIGSKIN COLLAGEN BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION
Lee, M.,Kwon, S.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.4
The relationship between the possible structural change due to chemical modifications and functionality changes was studied in pigskin collagen. Amino groups in collagen were modified by succinylation and reductive alkylation. Carboxyl groups were modified using carbodiimide. Thermal denaturation temperature of collagen increased remarkably by carboxyl groups modification whereas decreased by succinylation and reductive alkylation. Emulsifying capacity was improved by reductive alkylation and carboxyl groups modification while emulsion stability was improved by succinylation. Chemical modifications increased solubility whereas decreased the foaming capacity of collagen. Viscosity of collagen at various pH varied with methods of modification.
Lee, M.,Park, Y.,Lee, H. North Holland ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2013 Chemical physics letters Vol.567 No.-
The adsorption selectivities between dithiothreitol (DTT) and 1,4-butanedithiol 2,3-diamino (BDD) were revealed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT calculations predict that DTT does not stably adsorb onto the Ge(100) surface because both hydroxyl and thiol group in DTT serve as similar nucleophilic groups, therefore they are not selective. However, BDD is predicted to adsorb stably onto the Ge(100) surface because the amine and thiol groups in BDD operate relatively different nucleophilic group, and it is selective. The adsorption energies of BDD onto the Ge(100) surface suggested that an S-H dissociated N2-H dissociation bonded structure is the most stable structure.
Lee, M.,Won, Y.,Shin, Y.,Kim, J.H.,Chun, J.S. Published for the Society by Baillère Tinda 2016 Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Vol.24 No.1
<P>Objective: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 alpha and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis in chondrocytes serve as catabolic regulators of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction by regulating the expression of catabolic factor genes. We explored possible crosstalk between these signaling pathways and its biological significance in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Microarray analysis, various mRNA and protein assays were conducted using primary cultured mouse articular chondrocytes and experimental OA cartilage to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between HIF-2 alpha and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. Experimental OA in mice was induced by intra-articular (IA) injection of adenovirus expressing HIF-2 alpha (Ad-Epas1), ZIP8 (Ad-Zip8), or MTF1 (Ad-Mtf1) in wild-type mice or mice with cartilage-specific conditional knockout of HIF-2 alpha (Epas1(fl/fl); Col2a1-Cre), ZIP8 (Zip8(fl/fl); Col2a1-Cre), or MTF1 (Mtf1(fl/fl); Col2a1-Cre). Results: HIF-2 alpha activated the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis in chondrocytes by upregulating the Zn2+ transporter ZIP8, thereby increasing Zn2+ influx and activating the downstream transcription factor MTF1. The zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis, in turn, acted as a novel transcriptional regulator of HIF-2 alpha. HIF-2 alpha-induced activation of the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis amplified HIF-2 alpha regulation of OA cartilage destruction by synergistically promoting expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. Thus, HIF-2 alpha-induced activation of the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis, together with zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 regulation of HIF-2 alpha, acted collectively to synergistically promote expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and OA cartilage destruction. Conclusion: Our findings identify a reciprocal activation mechanism involving HIF-2 alpha and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis during OA pathogenesis that amplifies catabolic signaling and cartilage destruction. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd and Osteoarthritis Research Society International.</P>
Multi-electron redox phenazine for ready-to-charge organic batteries
Lee, M.,Hong, J.,Lee, B.,Ku, K.,Lee, S.,Park, C.,Kang, K. unknown 2017 Green Chemistry Vol. No.
<P>Organic redox compounds represent an emerging class of cathode materials in rechargeable batteries for low-cost and sustainable energy storage. However, the low operating voltage (<3 V) and necessity of using lithium-containing anodes have significantly limited their practical applicability to battery systems. Here, we introduce a new class of p-type organic redox centers based on N,N'-substituted phenazine (NSPZ) to build ready-to-charge organic batteries. In the absence of lithium-containing anodes, NSPZ cathodes facilitate reversible two-electron transfer at 3.7 and 3.1 V accompanying anion association, which results in a specific energy of 622 Wh kg(-1) in dual-ion batteries.</P>
Lee, M.,Shin, S. J.,Oh, Y. T.,Jung, D. C.,Cho, N. H.,Choi, Y. D.,Park, S. Y. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 European radiology Vol.27 No.9
<P>aEuro cent As a non-contrast MRI technique, fusion MRI is useful for bladder cancer.</P>