The Southeast Asian Economic Crisis And Policy Options : THe Philippine Case

Lamberte, Mario B. 경희대학교 아태지역연구원 1999 아태연구 Vol.6 No.1

The Case of Vegetarianism -A Buddhist Perspective-

Lambert Schmithausen 인도철학회 2003 印度哲學 Vol.12 No.1

12지연기형식에관하여

Lambert Scmitausen,안성두 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 2008 불교학 리뷰 Vol.3 No.-

The role of mineral-dust aerosols in polar temperature amplification

Lambert, F.,Kug, J-S.,Park, R. J.,Mahowald, N.,Winckler, G.,Abe-Ouchi, A.,O’ishi, R.,Takemura, T.,Lee, J-H. Nature Publishing Group 2013 Nature climate change Vol.3 No.5

Surface State Tunneling Signatures in the Two-Component Superconductor _UPt3

Lambert, Fabian,Akbari., Alireza,Thalmeier, Peter,Eremin, Ilya American Physical Society 2017 Physical review letters Vol.118 No.8

Reference values for pulp oxygen saturation as a diagnostic tool in endodontics: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lambert Paula,Miguens Sergio Augusto Quevedo,Solda Caroline,Sganzerla Juliana Tomaz,Reichert Leandro Azambuja,Estrela Carlos,Barletta Fernando Branco 대한치과보존학회 2020 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.45 No.4

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify mean oxygen saturation values (SpO2) using pulse oximetry in permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde electronic databases were searched. Combinations and variations of “oximetry” AND “dental pulp test” were used as search terms. Studies reporting means and standard deviations of SpO2 values were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, and all analyses were performed using R software. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Of the 251 studies identified, 19 met the eligibility criteria and were included (total sample, 4,541 teeth). In the meta-analysis, the mean SpO2 values were 84.94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.85%–85.04%) for the central incisors, 89.29% (95% CI, 89.22%–89.35%) for the lateral incisors, and 89.20% (95% CI, 89.05%–89.34%) for the canines. The studies were predominantly low-quality due to the high risk of bias associated with the index test, unclear risk regarding patient selection, and concerns about outcome assessment. Conclusions: Although most studies were low-quality, the oxygen saturation levels in normal pulp could be established (minimum saturation, 77.52%). Despite the risk of bias of the included studies, the reference values reported herein are clinically relevant for assessments of changes in pulp status.

¹⁸⁸Re-HDD/Lipiodol Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial

Lambert, B.,Bacher, K.,Defreyne, L.,Gemmel, F.,Van Vlierberghe, H.,Jeong, J. M.,Dierckx, R. A.,Van de Wiele, C.,Thierens, H.,De Vos, F. THE SOCIETY OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC 2005 The Journal of nuclear medicine Vol.46 No.1

CONDITIONAL EXPECTATIONS GENERATING THE COMMUTANTS OF SUBALGEBRAS OF $L^{\infty}$

Lambert, Alan Korean Mathematical Society 1999 대한수학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Given a probability space and a subsigma algebra A, each measure equivalent to the probability measure generates a different conditional expectation operator. We characterize those which act boundedly on the original $L^2$ space, and show there are sufficiently many such conditional expectations to generate the commutant of $L^{\infty}$ (A).

A NOTE ON INVARIANT SUBSPACES FOR OPERATOR ALGEBRAS

Lambert, Alan Korean Mathematical Society 2003 대한수학회보 Vol.40 No.4

Various operator relationships are shown to be equivalent to the existence of an invariant subspace for an algebra of operators.

VIDEOTISEMENTS: AN EMERGING ADVERTISING MEDIUM TARGETING CHILDREN

Claire Lambert,Alvin Lee 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction Advertorials promote products by appealing-to and entertaining audiences. These ads increasingly target children aged 5 and younger, a segment of growing importance due to their influence on family buying decisions (McNeal, 1999). A new type of advertorial can be described as video advertisements (videotisements) and currently appear in online channels like YouTube that receive little regulation. They feature products like the Minecraft game or Barbie doll as the main story-line element, with many being viewed tens of millions of times. Videotisement hosts may produce thousands of episodes that feature the same game/doll, forming miniseries encouraging children to return and watch. Videotisements differ from “online influencers”, they exclusively promote one product over a long period (years) and use storylines to demonstrate product use. Advertisers have long promoted products through entertainment shows. This format has been stable for a long time, only recently morphing into videotisements. In the 1950s, TV shows like The Mickey Mouse Club carried embedded persuasive messages (Palmer & Carpenter, 2006). In the 60s, children’s TV featured products like toys. By the 70s, companies were conducting research into ways to attract children, trying to convert their interest into sales. This led the FTC to suggest, in 1978, banning children’s advertising. This proposal accelerated academic research into how children processed TV programs and ads (Ward, Wackman, & Wartella, 1977). These studies investigated covert product placements in shows or movies, lyrics, books (Gupta & Gould, 1997) and online media (Balasubramanian, Karrh & Patwardhan, 2006). Product placements could increase sales, overcome consumer ad resistance and media-fragmentation (Palmer & Carpenter, 2006). This prompted studies of attitudesto (Gupta & Gould, 1997) and effectiveness-of placements (Russell, 2002). There were also unsuccessful calls to ban or disclose placements. The early 2000s saw child-targeted ads flowing to the internet; young children were consuming more web-entertainment and less TV, 80% of children below age 5 used the internet at least once a week (Gutnick, Robb, Takeuchi, & Kotler, 2011) to play games online (Marsh, 2010). The web enabled advertisers to interact directly with children by providing ads that masqueraded as games (advergames), containing commercial logos, mascots and trade characters (Mallinckrodt & Mizerski, 2007). Advergames quickly became among the top five ways to reach children (Vanwesenbeeck, Walrave, & Ponnet, 2017). Some advertisers also started “online communities where children can meet and interact with new and existing friends and play games” (Rozendaal, Slot, van Reijmersdal, & Buijzen, 2013, p.142). Some advergames are distributed through social media like Facebook (Terlutter & Capella, 2013) and its “stealthy nature” (Hudders, Cauberghe, & Panic, 2016) has attracted ethical and regulatory attention (Swanepoel, Lye, & Rugimbana, 2009). The advergame market is now cluttered and advertisers have moved to videotisements. We know very little about this format, this is the impetus for our preliminary study about how children use videotisements. These findings will lead to a more comprehensive study. A videotisement is typically posted on YouTube, Youku and Tudou. The entire video is a covert ad. A host narrates entertaining product information, as the product is used/played with. This is attractive to young children because the videotisement mimics watching other children play – just like watching their friends play games. The clips look professionally produced, suggesting some are linked to product manufacturers (see www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7FX_EnrW1k). A comparative format is the TV infomercial. However, infomercials declare as advertising that sells products – you can order by calling the advertised phone number – videotisements do not do this. Videotisements are produced as video-series. The episodes explore different areas or versions of a game/toy and build on earlier episodes, encouraging children to revisit to follow the story. In some cases, the host becomes a celebrity. For example, Grace Mulgrew who hosts the Grace’s World YouTube channel has over 1 billion views from more than a million subscribers (Stewart, 2018). The episodes show Grace (an “ordinary” 12-year-old) playing with her Barbie dolls. As the storylines develop, Grace displays the latest Barbie characters and accessories. Barbie provides Grace with free dolls and YouTube works with Grace to produce kid-friendly content and educational clips (House, 2015). However, Grace’s World hides these ties. She continues to create, post and promote Barbie videos. Stealthy videotisements are now common; YouTube hosts 56 million videotisements for the Minecraft game. Most of these ads are watched hundreds of thousands of times within the first week, and millions of times by the second week after release. Videotisements also contain commercials and web advertising and children are encouraged to provide personal contact information for membership, competitions or free gifts. So far, this format has not received any attention from researchers. We seem to be the first to study this media and explore children’s exposure-to and preference-for videotisements. Observation of the authors’ children suggest that there is brand preference, the children only watch videos featuring certain games with certain hosts. Socialisation to Videotisements Video sharing sites like YouTube are among the first that children below age nine visit (Holloway, Green, & Livingstone, 2013); two thirds of children watch videos on these sites (Hoh, 2017). On average, children up to age two watch games and videos online for two hours daily (Brown, 2011) and five to fifteen year olds are online for 15 hours each week (Ofcom, 2016). Typically, parents enable young children’s access to the web through their phones and tablets, socialising (Sonck, Nikken, & de Haan, 2013) and guiding (Shin & Li, 2017) them to certain content. The frequency of parental and child internet use is positively correlated (Holloway et al., 2013). Older siblings also socialise younger siblings to media and influence what the younger ones do online (Wartella, O’Keefe & Scantlin, 2000); unsurprisingly children with older siblings start using the internet at a younger age (Teuwen, De Groff, & Zaman, 2012). Consequently, three year olds are knowledgeable about multiplayer networked games like Plants vs. Zombies, Minecraft and Mario long before they attain the dexterity to play the games (Dickey, 2007). One way socialisation occurs is when siblings watch videotisements together, these videos are attractive to younger children who cannot yet play the game – they can participate by watching. This raises our research question: What is the level of young children’s exposure to videotisements? Methodology As two to five year olds cannot respond adequately about their videotisement use, we surveyed their parents/carers. Respondents were informed of the study’s purpose, providing written consent in the way approved by the University Research Ethics Team. [Insert Table 1 about here] Parents were recruited from early childhood learning centres in Singapore (n = 31), a childcare centre and a convenience sample in Australia (n = 17). They were asked about the number of media devices they had at home (access), the amount of time spent using these devices (use), whether the child observes or plays with other children when using these devices (socialisation). We also asked whether parents and siblings watched videotisements with the child (socialisation). Parents answered only about their youngest child. The children’s mean age was 3.12 (SD = 1.07), there were 19 girls (40%) and 29 boys (60%). Most parents were in full time work (Singapore 90%, Australia 88%) and university qualified (Singapore 66%, Australia 82%). All respondents possessed internet enabled devices in their homes that the child could access (Table 1). Results A chi-square analysis showed no significant differences between the Singapore and Australia children’s use of media during weekdays (X2 = 1.357, p>.5) or weekends (X2 = 2.212, p>.5), thus we combined the responses for analysis (n = 48). TV was the most popular media, 88% watched on weekdays and 94% on weekends. Videos and videotisements was ranked second and third, followed by playing video/digital games and playing online (Table 2). [Insert Table 2 about here] In our sample, 38% have watched videotisements with others, with 56% of this group watching with parents and 22% with siblings (Table 3), 66% of our sample’s parents watched videotisements with their child. Thirty three percent of the children had older siblings, 21% (n=7) of this group watched videotisements together. [Insert Table 3 about here] Conclusion This article provides one of the first looks at children younger than age five’s use of videotisements. While the sample size was small (n = 48), 100% of the parents surveyed in Singapore and Australia responded that their youngest child watched YouTube or videotisements. This gives a strong indication about the level of videotisement use by young children. Parents and siblings help socialise younger children to these ads. The unregulated and stealthy nature of this ad format calls for more investigation of the format, especially by more vulnerable young child audiences. This paper provides a starting point for research into this emerging ad format. Future research may investigate how videotisements influence children’s buying behaviour and family buying decisions; children’s susceptibility to videotisements; and international patterns of videotisement consumption.