Analysis of dural sac thickness in the human cervical spine

Kwon, Soonwook,Suh, Seung-Woo,Kim, Dasom,Rhyu, Im Joo,Yu, Hyunung,Han, Seung Woo,Hong, Jae-Young Springer-Verlag 2018 Anatomical science international Vol.93 No.2

<P>The thickness of the dura mater in the human cervical spine can vary between individuals and by vertebral level; these differences can result in various clinical outcomes. The purpose was to measure and analyze cervical dura mater thickness. Microscopic measurements were made of tissue from human cadavers. The subjects were nine human cadavers with no previous history of spinal deformity or surgery. Fourteen segments of both anterior and posterior dura mater from the C1 to C7 cervical vertebrae were obtained. Dura mater thickness was measured using an infrared laser-based confocal microscope. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the relationships of cervical dura mater thickness with vertebral level, age, and sex. The overall average cervical dura mater thickness was 379.3 x 10(-3) mm. Statistically significant differences in thickness were found between the anterior and posterior segments (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the thickness at each vertebral level was significantly different from the thicknesses at the other levels (P < 0.05). The posterior dura mater thickness was highest at C1 and lowest at C5/6. Posterior dura mater thickness was significantly different at the axial, sub-axial, and lower cervical levels, whereas anterior dura mater thickness was relatively constant among levels. A significant correlation was found between thickness and age (P < 0.05); however, the average dura mater thickness was not significantly different between males and females. This study shows anatomical differences in cervical dura mater thickness with respect to vertebral level and age. These results provide anatomical information that will inform basic research and clinical approaches.</P>

Extraction of Three-Dimensional Information of Biological Membranous Tissue with Scanning Confocal Infrared Laser Microscope Tomography

Kwon, Soonwook,Choi, Se-Bum,Park, Min Gyu,Yu, Hyunung,Suh, Seung-Woo,Rhyu, Im Joo Cambridge University Press 2013 Microscopy and Microanalysis Vol.19 No.5

<B>Abstract</B><P>The “LEXT” confocal laser scanning microscope has been used for the three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the surface of specimens, especially in materials science fields, by the penetration of near-infrared (NIR) light without mechanical cutting, deposition, or other specimen pretreatment. Noninvasive investigation of various biological tissues such as human spinal dura mater, rat aorta, and cornea without the dehydration process was successfully carried out with the “LEXT,” in order to access both surface and internal topographic images of the biological structures at a good status of the wet tissue such as <I>in vivo</I>, especially in measuring tissue thickness. The confocal NIR laser microscopy offers the viable means to visualize tissue architecture and its thickness in microdomain to integrate 3D images efficiently. We believe that the “LEXT” has a good application for biological researchers to study biomaterials, and it would be useful as a diagnostic tool in the near future.</P>

A Modified-AHP Method of Productivity Analysis for Deployment of Innovative Construction Tools on Construction Site

Kwon, Soonwook,Lee, Gaeyoung,Ahn, Dooyong,Park, Hee-Sung Korea Institute of Construction Engineering and Ma 2014 Journal of construction engineering and project ma Vol.4 No.1

Productivity analysis is the most important and significant method for evaluating management and engineering performance during whole project stage. However, it is very difficult in developing qualitative index to construction industry comparing to other industries. Therefore, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is one of the methods for overcoming these limitations by checking consistency index using duality comparison. In this study, it is scraped up an application plan and selection for innovative tools by analyzing survey results on tool users and site managers with respect to using Modified-AHP performance measurement method.

Real-time cell viability prediction through artificial neural network for drop- on-demand bio-inkjet printing

Soonwook Kwon,Joon Sang Lee 한국생산제조학회 2022 한국생산제조시스템학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.5

Autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Soonwook Kwon,Ju-Hong Min 대한임상신경생리학회 2023 Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology Vol.25 No.1

Autonomic dysfunction occurs frequently in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Patients with either condition may present with autonomic symptoms such as bladder, sexual, cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, and gastrointestinal dysfunction, and fatigue, but autonomic symptoms that affect quality of life are underrecognized in clinical practice. The immunopathogenesis of MS has been considered to be associated with autonomic dysfunction. Applying appropriate treatment strategies for autonomic dysfunction is important to improve the quality of life of patients. Here we review autonomic dysfunction and how this is managed in patients with MS and NMOSD.

RetainVis: Visual Analytics with Interpretable and Interactive Recurrent Neural Networks on Electronic Medical Records

Kwon, Bum Chul,Choi, Min-Je,Kim, Joanne Taery,Choi, Edward,Kim, Young Bin,Kwon, Soonwook,Sun, Jimeng,Choo, Jaegul IEEE Computer Society 2019 IEEE transactions on visualization and computer gr Vol.25 No.1

<P>We have recently seen many successful applications of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on electronic medical records (EMRs), which contain histories of patients' diagnoses, medications, and other various events, in order to predict the current and future states of patients. Despite the strong performance of RNNs, it is often challenging for users to understand why the model makes a particular prediction. Such black-box nature of RNNs can impede its wide adoption in clinical practice. Furthermore, we have no established methods to interactively leverage users' domain expertise and prior knowledge as inputs for steering the model. Therefore, our design study aims to provide a visual analytics solution to increase interpretability and interactivity of RNNs via a joint effort of medical experts, artificial intelligence scientists, and visual analytics researchers. Following the iterative design process between the experts, we design, implement, and evaluate a visual analytics tool called RetainVis, which couples a newly improved, interpretable, and interactive RNN-based model called RetainEX and visualizations for users' exploration of EMR data in the context of prediction tasks. Our study shows the effective use of RetainVis for gaining insights into how individual medical codes contribute to making risk predictions, using EMRs of patients with heart failure and cataract symptoms. Our study also demonstrates how we made substantial changes to the state-of-the-art RNN model called RETAIN in order to make use of temporal information and increase interactivity. This study will provide a useful guideline for researchers that aim to design an interpretable and interactive visual analytics tool for RNNs.</P>

Automatic classification of otoscopic images using deep learning

Soonwook Kwon,Muhammed Azam Khan,Jaegul Choo,Sukjin Hong 대한체질인류학회 2019 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.62 No.-

The Tip Level of the Conus Medullaris by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cadaver Studies in Korean Adults

Soonwook Kwon(권순욱),Tae Sik Kim(김태식),Hyung Soo Kim(김형수),Im Joo Rhyu(유임주) 대한체질인류학회 2016 대한체질인류학회지 Vol.29 No.2

척수는 중추신경계의 한 부분으로, 척수의 아래쪽 끝의 이름은 척수원뿔이다. 여러 연구자들이 척수원뿔의 끝 부분을 자기공명영상 연구를 통해 보고하였고, 다른 연구자들은 시신해부연구를 통해 보고하였다. 자기공명영상 연구의 결과가 시신연구 결과보다 더 높은 위치에 있는 것으로 보인다. 우리는 자기공명영상과 시신해부연구를 동시에 진행하여 척수원뿔의 높이를 알아내었다. 자기공명영상은 T1 강조영상이고 정중시상면의 248명을 대상으로 하였다 (평균나이 42.3±16.0세, 범위 12~85세). 시신연구는 118구의 시신을 해부하였다 (평균나이 56.0±14.9세, 범위 16~94세). 척수원뿔의 평균 높이는 자기공명연구에서 L1 척추뼈의 중간 정도였다 (범위, T12의 아래 1/3에서 L2의 아래 1/3까지). 그리고 시신연구에서는 L2 척추뼈 몸통의 위 1/3 높이에 위치하였다. 척수원뿔의 말단 끝이 자기공명영상에서 시신연구보다 더 높은 위치로 나타났다 (p<0.05). The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system, and its caudal end is named as the conus medullaris. Many researchers have reported the tip level of the conus medullaris by magnetic resonance imaging studies; others by cadaver dissection. The tip level of magnetic resonance imaging studies seemed to be higher than that of cadaver studies. We evaluated the tip level the conus medullaris with magnetic resonance imaging and cadaver dissection in Korean adult population. MR data were scanned with T1-weighted, mid-sagittal magnetic resonance imaging of 248 living persons (mean age, 42.3±16.0 years; range, 12-85 years) and cadaver data were collected by dissections of 118 cadavers (mean age, 56.0±14.9 years; range, 16-94 years). The mean level of conus tip was found to be at the middle third of 1st lumbar vertebra (range, lower third T12 - lower third L2) from magnetic resonance imaging study and the upper third of 2nd lumbar vertebra (range, lower third T12 - lower third L3) from cadaver dissection study. The tip level of conus medullaris from magnetic resonance imaging study was higher than that from cadaver dissection study (p<0.05).

Spinal Nerve Position and Morphometric Analysis with Silicon Molds in the Cadaveric Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen

Soonwook Kwon(권순욱) 대한체질인류학회 2018 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.31 No.4

척추사이구멍은 인접한 두 척추뼈와 그 사이의 척추사이원반으로 구성된다. 이전의 척추사이구멍에 대한 연구들은 다양한 방법으로 수행이 되었다. 이번 연구에서는 실리콘 주형을 이용해서 척추사이구멍의 특징을 알아보았다. 시신18구를 해부하여 허리의 척추사이구멍을 해부하였다. 첫째로는 척수신경의 위치를 측정하였다. 둘째로는 척추사이구멍을 덮고있는 모든 조직을 제거하여 척추사이구멍 단면의 가장 좁은 부위를 측정하였다. 조직이 제거된 척추사이구멍은 실리콘주형으로 채워졌다. 실리콘주형이 굳어진 다음에는 구멍에서 분리되었다. 단면으로 잘린 실리콘주형을 종이 위에 도장처럼 찍고, 그것을 컴퓨터에 저장하였다. 척추사이구멍의 주형의 면적, 둘레, 높이, 폭이 컴퓨터에서 분석되었다. 허리의 다섯 개 척추사이구멍에서 면적과 둘레는 통계학적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 하지만 둘째에서 다섯째 허리뼈에 걸쳐서 높이는 낮아지는 경향, 폭은 넓어지는 경향을 보였다. 또한 높이와 폭은 다섯째 구멍에서 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 높이는 다른 구멍들 중에서 가장 낮았고, 폭은 가장 넓었다. 척수신경은 첫째에서 넷째허리뼈에서는 척추사이원반 근처를 지나갔고, 다섯째허리뼈에서는 척추사이원반 아래쪽으로 지나갔다. 이번 연구는 척추사이구멍의 3차원적 입체 구조를 실리콘주형으로 확인하였다. 기존의 평면적 연구에서 관찰되지 않았던 다른 성질들을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉, 허리척추뼈에서 척추사이구멍의 면적과 둘레는 일정하였으나 높이와 폭은 전체적으로 변화하는 양상을 보였다. The intervertebral foramen is formed by two adjacent vertebrae and an intervertebral disc. Previous studies examining the foramen have been performed using various methods. The author obtained characteristics of the intervertebral foramen based on silicon mold. The author used 18 cadavers and dissected the lumbar intervertebral foramen. First, positional levels of the spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen were measured. Second, after being removed all tissues covering the intervertebral, bony foramen was filled with melted silicon to mold the cross section. Subsequently, the solidified silicon mold was removed and stamped on a paper. The paper was scanned and analyzed area, perimeter, height and width of the intervertebral foramen on a computer. Area (average, 9.43 ㎟) and perimeter (average, 48.02 ㎜) did not show any statistical significant pattern for any lumbar vertebral levels. However, the height and width significantly differed at the fifth lumbar vertebra, which had the shortest height (the fifth, 13.00 ㎜; average, 15.78 ㎜) and longest width (the fifth, 8.61 ㎜; average, 7.87 ㎜), although there were similar patterns in case of area and perimeter of the first to fourth lumbar vertebra. Height had a decrease tendency while width had an increase tendency both from the second to fifth lumbar vertebra. Spinal nerves went through near the intervertebral disc level from the first to fourth lumbar vertebra, although they passed below the disc at the fifth level. This study provides a different view of methodology for the 3-dimensional aspect for the intervertebral foramen. Results of this study may indicate that height and width of the intervertebral foramen changed along all lumbar vertebral levels; nevertheless, area and perimeter of the intervertebral foramen remained constant.

[용어와 건축] 스마트 건설: 건설자동화와 건설로봇화로부터, 유래와 정의

권순욱(Kwon, Soonwook) 대한건축학회 2021 建築 Vol.65 No.3