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Volume Rendering using Grid Computing for Large-Scale Volume Data
Nishihashi, Kunihiko,Higaki, Toru,Okabe, Kenji,Raytchev, Bisser,Tamaki, Toru,Kaneda, Kazufumi Society for Computational Design and Engineering 2009 International Journal of CAD/CAM Vol.9 No.1
In this paper, we propose a volume rendering method using grid computing for large-scale volume data. Grid computing is attractive because medical institutions and research facilities often have a large number of idle computers. A large-scale volume data is divided into sub-volumes and the sub-volumes are rendered using grid computing. When using grid computing, different computers rarely have the same processor speeds. Thus the return order of results rarely matches the sending order. However order is vital when combining results to create a final image. Job-Scheduling is important in grid computing for volume rendering, so we use an obstacle-flag which changes priorities dynamically to manage sub-volume results. Obstacle-Flags manage visibility of each sub-volume when line of sight from the view point is obscured by other subvolumes. The proposed Dynamic Job-Scheduling based on visibility substantially increases efficiency. Our Dynamic Job-Scheduling method was implemented on our university's campus grid and we conducted comparative experiments, which showed that the proposed method provides significant improvements in efficiency for large-scale volume rendering.
Serum Levels of Type 2 Chemokines in Lepromatous Leprosy Patients
Lew, Wook,Nakamura, Koichiro,Tada, Yayoi,Kwahck, Ho,Chang, Soo Kyoung,Tamaki, Kunihiko The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2002 Immune Network Vol.2 No.4
Background: The type 2 deviated immunological state is predominant in lepromatous leprosy. Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immune-complex mediated reaction that typically occurs in lepromatous leprosy. To date, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, IL-10, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-1 receptor antagonist and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were reported to be higher in lepromatous leprosy. TNF-${\alpha}$ is also known to be higher in ENL, which is reduced after thalidomide treatment. However the serum type 2 chemokine levels in lepromatous leprosy patients have not been reported. Methods: The serum levels of the type 2 chemokines such as thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and eotaxin together with IL-12 and IL-10 in the sera from leprosy patients were detected using an enzyme-linked solvent assay (ELISA) method. Results: The Serum TARC, MDC, eotaxin, IL-10 and IL-12 levels in lepromatous leprosy patients were not significantly different from the normal control levels. The serum levels were not significantly different between the paucibacillary group and multibacillary group. The serum TARC or MDC levels in the ENL patients were more reduced after a treatment containing thalidomide. Conclusion: The type 2 chemokines are not related to the severity of lepromatous leprosy. The larger reducing effect of the TARC or MDC levels in ENL patients by a treatment containing thalidomide suggests the potential role of these chemokines in the development of ENL and the therapeutic mechanism of thalidomide.