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Prolongation of the BOR-60 reactor operation
ALEXEY L. IZHUTOV,YURI M. KRASHENINNIKOV,IGOR Y. ZHEMKOV,ARTEM V. VARIVTSEV,YURI V. NABOISHCHIKOV,VICTOR S. NEUSTROEV,VALENTIN K. SHAMARDIN 한국원자력학회 2015 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.47 No.3
The fast neutron reactor BOR-60 is one of the key experimental facilities worldwide to perform large-scale tests of fuel, absorbing, and structural materials for advanced reactors. The BOR-60 reactor was put into operation in December 1969, and by the end of 2014 it had been operating on power for ∼265,000 hours. BOR-60 still demonstrates potential capabilities to extend the lifetime of sodium-cooled fast reactors. The BOR-60 lifetime should have expired at the end of 2014. Over the past few years, a great scope of work has been performed to justify the possibility of extending its lifetime. The work included inspection of the equipment conditions, calculations and experimental research on operating parameters and the conditions of nonremovable components, investigation of the structural material samples after their long-term operation under irradiation, etc. Based on the results of the work performed, the residual lifetime was evaluated and the reactor operator made a decision to extend the lifetime period of the BOR-60 reactor. After considering both a set of documents about the reactor conditions and the positive decision of independent experts, the Regulatory Authority of the Russian Federation extended the BOR-60 operating license up to 2020.
A novel hybrid carbon material
Nasibulin, Albert G.,Pikhitsa, Peter V.,Jiang, Hua,Brown, David P.,Krasheninnikov, Arkady V.,Anisimov, Anton S.,Queipo, Paula,Moisala, Anna,Gonzalez, David,Lientschnig, Gü,nther,Hassanien, Abdou,S Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2007 Nature nanotechnology Vol.2 No.3
<P>Both fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) exhibit many advantageous properties. Despite the similarities between these two forms of carbon, there have been very few attempts to physically merge them. We have discovered a novel hybrid material that combines fullerenes and SWNTs into a single structure in which the fullerenes are covalently bonded to the outer surface of the SWNTs. These fullerene-functionalized SWNTs, which we have termed NanoBuds, were selectively synthesized in two different one-step continuous methods, during which fullerenes were formed on iron-catalyst particles together with SWNTs during CO disproportionation. The field-emission characteristics of NanoBuds suggest that they may possess advantageous properties compared with single-walled nanotubes or fullerenes alone, or in their non-bonded configurations.</P>
Savelyev, Dmitry P.,Kamenetsky, Vadim S.,Danyushevsky, Leonid V.,Botcharnikov, Roman E.,Kamenetsky, Maya B.,Park, Jung-Woo,Portnyagin, Maxim V.,Olin, Paul,Krasheninnikov, Stepan P.,Hauff, Folkmar,Zele Mineralogical Society of America 2018 The American mineralogist Vol.103 No.6
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Silicate-sulfide liquid immiscibility in mantle-derived magmas has important control on the budget of siderophile and chalcophile metals, and is considered to be instrumental in the origin orthomagmatic sulfide deposits. Data on primitive sulfide melts in natural samples, even those representing most voluminous magmatism in oceanic rifts, are very scarce due to the small size and poor preservation of incipient sulfide melt globules. Here we present the first detailed report of the crystallized sulfides melts in the oceanic picrites of the (presumably) Cretaceous age Kamchatsky Mys ophiolite complex in Eastern Kamchatka (Far East Russia). Sulfide melts are present in three forms; (1) as inclusions in olivine (87.1-89.6 mol% Fo), (2) interstitial to the groundmass minerals (clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and Ti-magnetite) of studied picrites, and (3) as daughter phases in silicate melt inclusions hosted by olivine and Cr-spinel phenocrysts. The sulfide melt inclusions in olivine and the groundmass of studied rocks are composed of several sulfide phases that correspond to the monosulfide (Fe-Ni;<I>Mss</I>) and intermediate (Fe-Cu-Ni;<I>Iss</I>) solid solutions. Several <0.5 μm Pd-Sn, Pt-Ag, and Au-Ag phases are recorded within the matrix sulfides, commonly along phase boundaries and fractures. Major elements (S, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co), platinum group elements (PGE), and gold analyzed in the homogenized olivine-hosted sulfide melt inclusions, and phases identified in the matrix sulfides record the range of magmatic sulfide compositions. The most primitive sulfide liquids are notably enriched in Ni and Cu [(Ni+Cu)/Fe, at% > 0.5], continuously evolve with crystallization of (e.g., increasing Cu/Ni and Au/PGE) and demonstrate metal fractionation between<I>Mss</I>and<I>Iss</I>. Although the compositional systematics found in this study are consistent with those previously recorded, the compositions of individual sulfide phases are strongly affected by the noble metal (PGE, Au) “nuggets” that exsolve at subsolidus temperatures and form during serpentinization of the rocks. We conclude that the budget of noble metals in the studied picrites is controlled by sulfides, but the abundances of Pt and Au are influenced by mobility in post-magmatic alteration. Our data can be also used for modeling sulfide saturation at crustal pressures and understanding behavior of the noble metals in primitive oceanic magmas.</P>
Xu, X.Q.,Belli, E.,Bodi, K.,Candy, J.,Chang, C.S.,Cohen, R.H.,Colella, P.,Dimits, A.M.,Dorr, M.R.,Gao, Z.,Hittinger, J.A.,Ko, S.,Krasheninnikov, S.,McKee, G.R.,Nevins, W.M.,Rognlien, T.D.,Snyder, P.B. International Atomic Energy Agency 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.6
<P>We present edge gyrokinetic simulations of tokamak plasmas using the fully non-linear (full-<I>f</I>) continuum code TEMPEST. A non-linear Boltzmann model is used for the electrons. The electric field is obtained by solving the 2D gyrokinetic Poisson equation. We demonstrate the following. (1) High harmonic resonances (<I>n</I> > 2) significantly enhance geodesic-acoustic mode (GAM) damping at high <I>q</I> (tokamak safety factor), and are necessary to explain the damping observed in our TEMPEST <I>q</I>-scans and consistent with the experimental measurements of the scaling of the GAM amplitude with edge <I>q</I><SUB>95</SUB> in the absence of obvious evidence that there is a strong <I>q</I>-dependence of the turbulent drive and damping of the GAM. (2) The kinetic GAM exists in the edge for steep density and temperature gradients in the form of outgoing waves, its radial scale is set by the ion temperature profile, and ion temperature inhomogeneity is necessary for GAM radial propagation. (3) The development of the neoclassical electric field evolves through different phases of relaxation, including GAMs, their radial propagation and their long-time collisional decay. (4) Natural consequences of orbits in the pedestal and scrape-off layer region in divertor geometry are substantial non-Maxwellian ion distributions and parallel flow characteristics qualitatively like those observed in experiments.</P>