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3,600 m3/h 의 하수처리수 탈질을 위한 유동상 생물여과
(Kramer J . P .),(Wouters J . W .),(Noordink M . P . M .),(Molenkamp H . W .),(Anink D . M . E .),(Janus J . M .) 한국수처리학회 2000 한국수처리학회지 Vol.8 No.3
STP De Groote Lucht in the Netherlands had to he upgraded in order to meet the tightened criterion for total nitrogen (10㎎/ℓ N as yearly average). ASTRASAND moving bed biofiltration, is introduced for post-denitrification. Pilot plant tests were executed in 1996 and it was found that in order to achieve good filter performance with the specific process conditions, an adequate process control system was required. This filter control ensured removal efficiencies of > 95% with influent concentrations up to 30 ㎎/l NO₃-N and strongly fluctuating influent flows. The full scale denitrification installation with a capacity of 3,600㎥/h, the first full scale installation of this type used for biological denitrification in Europe, was built in 1998 and started up in 1999. Since the start up, the filter performance is good and the nitrate removal efficiencies are higher than required.
Campus Content: An Infrastructure for Sharing and Reuse of Teaching Experience and e-Content
Bernd J. Kramer 한국방송통신대학교 미래원격교육연구원 2008 평생학습사회 Vol.4 No.2
Investments in the development of high-quality learning content are often lost and successful applications of pedagogical designs are difficult to find and adapt to other contexts because individuals and groups work in isolation. They also lack effective means to codify and share their assets with peers teaching in the same or a similar subject area. CampusContent is a DFG-funded center of excellence for e-learning that develops methods andfacilitating the exchange and concerted development of learning content and pedagogic expertise. This article sketches core methodological and technical contributions of this project and examines their potential to improve distance education. For open and distance teaching practitioners sharing and reuse educational knowledge is of particular concern because the designand implementation of computer-based interactive learning (support) environments require efforts that extend the resources they usually have available.
Alternative optical concept for electron cyclotron emission imaging.
Liu, J X,Milbourne, T,Bitter, M,Delgado-Aparicio, L,Dominguez, A,Efthimion, P C,Hill, K W,Kramer, G J,Kung, C,Kubota, S,Kasparek, W,Lu, J,Pablant, N A,Park, H,Tobias, B American Institute of Physics 2014 Review of scientific instruments Vol.85 No.11
<P>The implementation of advanced electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) systems on tokamak experiments has revolutionized the diagnosis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activities and improved our understanding of instabilities, which lead to disruptions. It is therefore desirable to have an ECEI system on the ITER tokamak. However, the large size of optical components in presently used ECEI systems have, up to now, precluded the implementation of an ECEI system on ITER. This paper describes a new optical ECEI concept that employs a single spherical mirror as the only optical component and exploits the astigmatism of such a mirror to produce an image with one-dimensional spatial resolution on the detector. Since this alternative approach would only require a thin slit as the viewing port to the plasma, it would make the implementation of an ECEI system on ITER feasible. The results obtained from proof-of-principle experiments with a 125 GHz microwave system are presented.</P>
The extraction of φ–N total cross section from d(γ,p<sup>K+</sup><sup>K−</sup>)n
Qian, X.,Chen, W.,Gao, H.,Hicks, K.,Kramer, K.,Laget, J.M.,Mibe, T.,Stepanyan, S.,Tedeschi, D.J.,Xu, W.,Adhikari, K.P.,Amaryan, M.,Anghinolfi, M.,Baghdasaryan, H.,Ball, J.,Battaglieri, M.,Batourine, V Elsevier 2009 Physics letters: B Vol.680 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>We report on the first measurement of the differential cross section of <I>φ</I>-meson photoproduction for the d(γ,p<SUP>K+</SUP><SUP>K−</SUP>)n exclusive reaction channel. The experiment was performed using a tagged-photon beam and the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. A combined analysis using data from the d(γ,p<SUP>K+</SUP><SUP>K−</SUP>)n channel and those from a previous publication on coherent <I>φ</I> production on the deuteron has been carried out to extract the φ−N total cross section, <SUB>σφN</SUB>. The extracted φ−N total cross section favors a value above 20 mb. This value is larger than the value extracted using vector-meson dominance models for <I>φ</I> photoproduction on the proton.</P>
Jang, Se Gyu,Khan, Anzar,Dimitriou, Michael D.,Kim, Bumjoon J.,Lynd, Nathaniel A.,Kramer, Edward J.,Hawker, Craig J. Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Soft matter Vol.7 No.13
<P>We report a facile strategy for the preparation of sub-5 nm gold/platinum (Au-Pt) nanoparticles which are thermally stabilized by a crosslinked polymer shell. Diblock copolymer (PS-<I>b</I>-PI-SH) ligands on the Au nanoparticles were used to crosslink the vinyl functionalities on PI <I>via</I> hydrosilylation with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The Pt catalyst was reduced on the Au nanoparticles during the hydrosilylation reaction resulting in the formation of a Pt-shell on the Au nanoparticle. The hydrosilylation reaction on the Au nanoparticles as well as their positioning in films of a poly(styrene-<I>b</I>-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-<I>b</I>-P2VP) block copolymer were thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), UV-VIS spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Variables such as number of vinyl groups on PS-<I>b</I>-PI-SH ligands, the areal density of these ligands on the Au nanoparticle as well as the concentrations of the reactive species were varied systematically to obtain thermally stable nanoparticles. Au-Pt nanoparticles were stable in organic solvents up to 130 °C, and in polymer films at 190 °C for several days. This increased stability allowed the nanoparticles to be thermally annealed in films of PS-<I>b</I>-P2VP where their strong interfacial activity and localization were observed.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Thermally stable sub-5 nm gold/platinum nanoparticles covered with a crosslinked polymer shell were synthesized. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c1sm05223c'> </P>
Near-threshold photoproduction of φ mesons from deuterium
CLAS Collaboration,Qian, X.,Chen, W.,Gao, H.,Hicks, K.,Kramer, K.,Laget, J.M.,Mibe, T.,Qiang, Y.,Stepanyan, S.,Tedeschi, D.J.,Xu, W.,Adhikari, K.P.,Amaryan, M.,Anghinolfi, M.,Ball, J.,Battaglieri, M. North-Holland Pub. Co 2011 Physics letters: B Vol.696 No.4
We report the first, kinematically-complete measurement of the differential cross section of φ-meson photoproduction from deuterium near the production threshold for a proton using the CLAS detector and a tagged-photon beam in Hall B at Jefferson Lab. The measurement was carried out by a triple coincidence detection of a proton, K<SUP>+</SUP> and K<SUP>-</SUP> near the theoretical production threshold of 1.57 GeV. The extracted differential cross sections dσdt for the initial photon energy range of 1.65-1.75 GeV are consistent with predictions based on a quasifree mechanism. Our finding is different from recent LEPS results on φ-meson photoproduction from deuterium in a similar incident photon energy range, but in a different momentum transfer region.