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Koskela Heikki Olavi,Nurmi Hanna Maria,Birring Surinder Singh 대한천식알레르기학회 2021 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.13 No.6
Cough provocation tests (CPTs) are an objective measurement of the sensitivity of the cough reflex arc. However, they are not established in clinical practice because a large variability of response in healthy subjects limits their diagnostic value. There is a paucity of studies that have investigated CPT reference ranges in healthy subjects. This systematic review describes the variability of the responses to CPTs in healthy subjects and factors that influence it. A new analysis of 134 healthy subjects was conducted to create reference ranges for single-breath capsaicin CPT by calculating the interquartile ranges for the provocative concentration of capsaicin to induce 2 and 5 coughs. Female subjects had a more sensitive cough reflex than male counterparts. The ability of CPTs to distinguish various respiratory diseases from healthy subjects was also reviewed. Cough sensitivity was consistently heightened in the following groups: unselected patients with chronic, refractory, or recurrent cough, unexplained chronic cough, gastro-esophageal reflux-associated cough, cough-variant asthma, lower airway symptoms induced by chemical irritants, and fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. In the following groups, hypersensitivity of the cough reflex was present in those individuals whose symptom profile was predominated by cough: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and sarcoidosis. In the following conditions, patients usually cough in order to expectorate mucus from their airways, not because of a hypersensitive cough reflex arc: productive cough, asthma, upper airway cough syndrome, COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic respiratory infections. CPTs have the potential to identify patients with chronic respiratory symptoms due to cough reflex hypersensitivity, thereby providing a targeted approach for therapy.
Can Committed Profit Sharing Lower Flexible Outsourcing?
Erkki Koskela,Jan König 한국국제경제학회 2013 International Economic Journal Vol.27 No.1
We analyze the impact of committed profit sharing for low-skilled workers on the amount of international outsourcing, if there is a bargaining between a firm and a labor union. In this bargaining round, the parties negotiate over the wage and provided effort. Here, we find that effort is independent of the bargaining power, profit sharing and wage. We further find that, in general, profit sharing leads to a substitution effect, which results in a decreased low-skilled wage and can therefore be an instrument to lower the demanded amount of outsourcing. For the optimal profit share, we find that it depends on the bargaining power of the union. The firm desists from such a remuneration scheme if the union is too strong. In contrast, if the firm is strong enough, the implementation becomes beneficial.
Munakata, Nobuo,Kazadzis, Stelios,Bolsee, David,Schuch, Nelson,Koskela, Tapani,Karpetchko, Alex,Meleti, Charoula,Casiccia, Claudio,Da Rosa, Marcelo Barcellos,Saida, Toshiaki,Nishigori, Chikako,Ogata, Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.8
Biological monitoring of solar UV radiation using spore dosimeters has been undertaken since the year 1999 at more than 20 sites in Asia, Europe and South America. The monthly-cumulative data to the end of the year 2004 have been presented before. In this paper, successive data to the end of the year 2007 are compiled and the trends and correlation analyses with yearly and monthly average amounts of columnar ozone are presented. Mean yearly doses at 10 northern and 6 southern hemisphere sites exhibited exponential latitudinal gradients with similar slopes indicating a doubling of the dose with the decline of about 14 degrees. Among 12 sites where continual data for more than 6 years were available, increasing trends in yearly UV doses were observed at 11 sites. At one European (Brussels), two tropical Asian (Padang and Denpasar), and two South American (S.ao Martinho and Punta Arenas) sites, decreasing trends of ozone amounts were noted, whereas at the remaining 6 sites (five sites in Japan and Thessaloniki), increasing trends of the UV doses were observed without notable changes, or with an increase at one site (Kiyotake), of the average ozone amounts. At one site (Taipei), the UV doses and the ozone amounts stayed constant. In the monsoon areas, climatic variations and changes, particularly in the extent of cloudiness and frequency of rainfall in summer months, might have been largely responsible for the trends of the UV doses. However, even at these sites, the decreases in the ozone amounts in summer months were frequently observed and might have contributed to the increasing trends of the UV doses. Since each region and locality is unique in climatic and atmospheric conditions, it is not easy to generalize the global trends. However, at many sites involved in this monitoring project, the increases in the biological UV doses during this period seemed to be linked to the decreases in the ozone amounts.
Kazantzidis, Andreas,Bais, Alkiviadis F.,Zempila, Maria Melina,Kazadzis, Stelios,Den Outer, Peter N.,Koskela, Tapani,Slaper, Harry Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.1
The health benefits of solar UVB and vitamin D in reducing the risk of cancer and several other diseases have been well documented in recent years. In this study, quality-checked spectral UV irradiance measurements from three European stations (Jokioinen, Finland; Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Thessaloniki, Greece) are used and the vitamin D effective dose (VDED) is calculated. The maximum average daily VDED is measured during the second half of June and it is up to 250 times higher than the corresponding winter minimum value. At each site, a polynomial fit between the VDED and the erythemal dose rates is proposed. The average VDED rates at local noon exceed a detection threshold value for the cutaneous production of vitamin D at Thessaloniki and Bilthoven throughout the year. The proposed standard vitamin dose cannot be attained, even for skin types I-III and exposure time of 60 minutes around local noon, under physiological atmospheric conditions at Bilthoven and Jokioinen during 3 and 4 months respectively. The daily VDED values, using the CIE action spectrum, are higher from 2% and 8% during summer and winter respectively at all sites, compared with those derived by the action spectrum proposed by MacLaughlin et al. (Science, 1982, 216, 1001-1003). These differences are comparable with the uncertainty of spectral measurements.