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Macrophage Apoptosis in Tuberculosis
Jinhee Lee,Michelle Hartman,Hardy Kornfeld 연세대학교의과대학 2009 Yonsei medical journal Vol.50 No.1
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen that infects alveolar macrophages following aerosol transmission. Lung macrophages provide a critical intracellular niche that is required for Mtb to establish infection in the human host. This parasitic relationship is made possible by the capacity of Mtb to block phagosome maturation following entry into the host macrophage, creating an environment that supports bacillary replication. Apoptosis is increasingly understood to play a role in host defense against intracellular pathogens including viruses, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. In the last 15 years an understanding of the role that macrophage apoptosis plays in TB has begun to emerge. Here we review the history and current state of the art of this topic and we offer a model of the macrophage-pathogen interaction that takes into the account the complexities of programmed cell death and the relationship between various death signaling pathways and host defense in TB.
PLAYROB - ROBOT-ASSISTED PLAYING FOR CHILDREN WITH SEVERE PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
G. Kronreif,B. Prazak,S. Mina,M. Kornfeld,M. Meindl,M. Furst 한국과학기술원 인간친화 복지 로봇 시스템 연구센터 2006 International Journal of Assistive Robotics and Me Vol.7 No.2
From a developmental and educational perspective, play is a “natural” way in which children learn in an enjoyable manner. This paper aims to describe one possible application of selected robotics technology and automation for making toys available to children with severe physical disabilities. This work is mainly based on a qualitative study which is aimed to analyze how children with physical disabilities play in comparison with able-bodied children. One particular result of this study is a dedicated robot system, developed by ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, which supports children with the above mentioned disabilities for interaction with standard toys. Besides of a description of the robot system the paper gives first results from user trials and outlines future development.
Yang, Kaige,Ryu, Youngryel,Dechant, Benjamin,Berry, Joseph A.,Hwang, Yorum,Jiang, Chongya,Kang, Minseok,Kim, Jongmin,Kimm, Hyungsuk,Kornfeld, Ari,Yang, Xi Elsevier 2018 Remote sensing of environment Vol.216 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SiF) is increasingly used as a proxy for vegetation canopy photosynthesis. While ground-based, airborne, and satellite observations have demonstrated a strong linear relationship between SiF and gross primary production (GPP) at seasonal scales, their relationships at high temporal resolution across diurnal to seasonal scales remain unclear. In this study, far-red canopy SiF, GPP, and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) were continuously monitored using automated spectral systems and an eddy flux tower over an entire growing season in a rice paddy. At half-hourly resolution, strong linear relationships between SiF and GPP (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.76) and APAR and GPP (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.76) for the whole growing season were observed. We found that relative humidity, diffuse PAR fraction, and growth stage influenced the relationships between SiF and GPP, and APAR and GPP, and incorporating those factors into multiple regression analysis led to improvements up to R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.83 and R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.88, respectively. Relationships between LUE<SUB>p</SUB> (=GPP/APAR) and LUE<SUB>f</SUB> (=SiF/APAR) were inconsistent at half-hourly and weak at daily resolutions (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.24). Both at diurnal and seasonal time scales with half-hourly resolution, we found considerably stronger linear relationships between SiF and APAR than between either SiF and GPP or APAR and GPP. Overall, our results indicate that for subdiurnal temporal resolution, canopy SiF in the rice paddy is above all a very good proxy for APAR at diurnal and seasonal time scales and that therefore SiF-based GPP estimation needs to take into account relevant environmental information to model LUE<SUB>p</SUB>. These findings can help develop mechanistic links between canopy SiF and GPP across multiple temporal scales.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Observed SiF is a better proxy of APAR than GPP. </LI> <LI> Found considerable environmental effects on the SiF-GPP relationships </LI> <LI> Improved GPP estimation by combining SiF or APAR with environmental variables </LI> <LI> Contribute to canopy SiF-GPP mechanistic links across multiple temporal scales </LI> </UL> </P>