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Kanki Tikako 著 / 박은정 譯 인제대학교 전자법학연구소 2009 전자법학연구 Vol.- No.8
법에 있어서 절차는, 그것이 담보하고자 하는 법적 실체의 정당성을 확보하는 수단이라고 말할 수 있다. 절차 그 자체만으로 법적 의미를 갖는 경우는 사실상 존재하지 않는다. 하지만, 절차가 실체적 정당성을 확보하기 위한 수단이라는 사실이 절차의 법적 중요성을 몰각시키는 것은 아니다. 절차로 담보될 수 없는 실체적 정당성이란 의미가 없고(소송절차가 없는 형사법을 생각해 보라), 오히려 절차법이 있기 때문에 실체법이 법으로서 강제력을 갖는다고도 말할 수 있다
Mechanisms and Physiological Roles of Mitophagy in Yeast
Fukuda, Tomoyuki,Kanki, Tomotake Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2018 Molecules and cells Vol.41 No.1
Mitochondria are responsible for supplying of most of the cell's energy via oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondria also can be deleterious for a cell because they are the primary source of reactive oxygen species, which are generated as a byproduct of respiration. Accumulation of mitochondrial and cellular oxidative damage leads to diverse pathologies. Thus, it is important to maintain a population of healthy and functional mitochondria for normal cellular metabolism. Eukaryotes have developed defense mechanisms to cope with aberrant mitochondria. Mitochondria autophagy (known as mitophagy) is thought to be one such process that selectively sequesters dysfunctional or excess mitochondria within double-membrane autophagosomes and carries them into lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation. The power of genetics and conservation of fundamental cellular processes among eukaryotes make yeast an excellent model for understanding the general mechanisms, regulation, and function of mitophagy. In budding yeast, a mitochondrial surface protein, Atg32, serves as a mitochondrial receptor for selective autophagy that interacts with Atg11, an adaptor protein for selective types of autophagy, and Atg8, a ubiquitin-like protein localized to the isolation membrane. Atg32 is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally to control mitophagy. Moreover, because Atg32 is a mitophagy-specific protein, analysis of its deficient mutant enables investigation of the physiological roles of mitophagy. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and functional importance of mitophagy in yeast at multiple levels.
Mechanisms and Physiological Roles of Mitophagy in Yeast
Tomoyuki Fukuda,Tomotake Kanki 한국분자세포생물학회 2018 Molecules and cells Vol.41 No.1
Mitochondria are responsible for supplying of most of the cell’s energy via oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondria also can be deleterious for a cell because they are the primary source of reactive oxygen species, which are generated as a byproduct of respiration. Accumulation of mitochondrial and cellular oxidative damage leads to diverse pathologies. Thus, it is important to maintain a population of healthy and functional mitochondria for normal cellular metabolism. Eukaryotes have developed defense mechanisms to cope with aberrant mitochondria. Mitochondria autophagy (known as mitophagy) is thought to be one such process that selectively sequesters dysfunctional or excess mitochondria within double-membrane autophagosomes and carries them into lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation. The power of genetics and conservation of fundamental cellular processes among eukaryotes make yeast an excellent model for understanding the gen-eral mechanisms, regulation, and function of mitophagy. In budding yeast, a mitochondrial surface protein, Atg32, serves as a mitochondrial receptor for selective autophagy that interacts with Atg11, an adaptor protein for selective types of autophagy, and Atg8, a ubiquitin-like protein localized to the isolation membrane. Atg32 is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally to control mitophagy. Moreover, because Atg32 is a mitophagy-specific protein, analysis of its deficient mutant enables investigation of the physiological roles of mitophagy. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and functional importance of mitophagy in yeast at multiple levels.