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Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Where We Are?
Leylabadlo, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh,Kafil, Hossein Samadi,Yousefi, Mehdi,Aghazadeh, Mohammad,Asgharzadeh, Mohammad The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2016 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.79 No.3
In recent years, in spite of medical advancement, tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem. Although many laboratory methods have been developed to expedite the diagnosis of TB, delays in diagnosis remain a major problem in the clinical practice. Because of the slow growth rate of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, isolation, identification, and drug susceptibility testing of this organism and other clinically important mycobacteria can take several weeks or longer. During the past several years, many methods have been developed for direct detection, species identification, and drug susceptibility testing of TB. A good understanding of the effectiveness and practical limitations of these methods is important to improve diagnosis. This review summarizes the currently-used advances in non-molecular and molecular diagnostics.
Gut compartments and ovary bacterial symbionts of the Sunn pest
Amiri Azam,Bandani Ali R.,Kafil Maryam 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.3
The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), is the severe pest of cereals, especially of wheat in many parts of the world. Many insect species, including the Sunn pest that feed solely on nutritionally restricted diets, harbor symbiotic microorganisms. In the current study, we isolated and identified the Sunn pest bacterial symbionts of gut fractions and ovary. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Sunn pest gut bacterial symbionts are polyphyletic and contained a taxonomic diversity belonging to three different phyla, including Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Proteobacteria. Firmicutes was represented by Enterococcus, Proteobacteria by Pantoea and Acetobacteraceae, and Tenericutes by Spiroplasma. We isolated and identified Enterococcus, Acetobacteraceae, Spiroplasma and Pantoea from Sunn pest different gut compartments, and Pantoea from ovaries. There was considerable overlap between recognized symbionts from the 2nd and 3rd midgut sections (Acetobacteraceae), the 4th midgut section and hindgut (Spiroplasma), and 4th midgut section and ovary (Pantoea). Niche heterogeneity within a microbial habitat of gut fractions resulted in colonizing and adaptation of various communities of symbionts in each fraction. The Sunn pest gut compartments and ovary symbionts have been demonstrated to be of multiple evolutionary origins. This diversity may be of great importance to the Sunn pest fitness and survival in various overwintering niches.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Where We Are?
( Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo ),( Hossein Samadi Kafil ),( Mehdi Yousefi ),( Mohammad Aghazadeh ),( Mohammad Asgharzadeh ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2016 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.79 No.3
In recent years, in spite of medical advancement, tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem. Although many laboratory methods have been developed to expedite the diagnosis of TB, delays in diagnosis remain a major problem in the clinical practice. Because of the slow growth rate of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis , isolation, identification, and drug susceptibility testing of this organism and other clinically important mycobacteria can take several weeks or longer. During the past several years, many methods have been developed for direct detection, species identification, and drug susceptibility testing of TB. A good understanding of the effectiveness and practical limitations of these methods is important to improve diagnosis. This review summarizes the currently-used advances in nonmolecular and molecular diagnostics.
Arash Zibaee,Ali Reza Bandani,Maryam Kafil,Samar Ramzi 한국응용곤충학회 2008 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.11 No.4
The rice striped stem borer, Chilo supprressalis, is a destructive pest of rice that was introduced to Iran in 1973 and has since become widely distributed. Amylases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the α-D-(1,4)-glucan linkage in glycogen and other related carbohydrates. Laboratory-reared 4th stadium larvae were randomly selected; the midgut and the salivary glands were removed by dissection under a dissecting microscope and α-amylase activity was assayed using the dinitrosalicylic acid procedure. The activity of α-amylase in the midgut and salivary gland were 0.06 and 0.036 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for α-amylase were 9 and 35–40 °C, which is consistent with reports of other lepidopteran insects. The enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, Urea, EDTA, and SDS. CaCl2 enhanced enzyme activity. Ca2+ ions also had inhibitory effects on glucosidase activity. Plant amylase inhibitors play important role against insect pests. Hence, the characterization of digestive enzymes and the examination of inhibitors on enzyme activity could be useful in tackling of insect pests. The rice striped stem borer, Chilo supprressalis, is a destructive pest of rice that was introduced to Iran in 1973 and has since become widely distributed. Amylases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the α-D-(1,4)-glucan linkage in glycogen and other related carbohydrates. Laboratory-reared 4th stadium larvae were randomly selected; the midgut and the salivary glands were removed by dissection under a dissecting microscope and α-amylase activity was assayed using the dinitrosalicylic acid procedure. The activity of α-amylase in the midgut and salivary gland were 0.06 and 0.036 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for α-amylase were 9 and 35–40 °C, which is consistent with reports of other lepidopteran insects. The enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, Urea, EDTA, and SDS. CaCl2 enhanced enzyme activity. Ca2+ ions also had inhibitory effects on glucosidase activity. Plant amylase inhibitors play important role against insect pests. Hence, the characterization of digestive enzymes and the examination of inhibitors on enzyme activity could be useful in tackling of insect pests.
Badrzadeh, Fariba,Akbarzadeh, Abolfazl,Zarghami, Nosratollah,Yamchi, Mohammad Rahmati,Zeighamian, Vahide,Tabatabae, Fateme Sadatem,Taheri, Morteza,Kafil, Hossein Samadi Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.20
Background: Herbal compounds such as curcumin which decrease telomerase and gene expression have been considered as beneficial tools for lung cancer treatment. In this article, we compared the effects of pure curcumin and curcumin-loaded NIPAAm-MAA nanoparticles on telomerase and PinX1 gene expression in a lung cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: A tetrazolium-based assay was used for determination of cytotoxic effects of curcumin on the Calu-6 lung cancer cell line and telomerase and pinX1 gene expression was measured with real-time PCR. Results: MTT assay showed that Curcumin-loaded NIPAAm-MAA inhibited the growth of the Calu-6 lung cancer cell line in a time and dose-dependent manner. Our q-PCR results showed that the expression of telomerase gene was effectively reduced as the concentration of curcumin-loaded NIPAAm-MAA increased while expression of the PinX1 gene became elevated. Conclusions: The results showed that curcumin-loaded-NIPAAm-MAA exerted cytotoxic effects on the Calu-6 cell line through down-regulation of telomerase and stimulation of pinX1 gene expression. NIPPAm-MAA could be good carrier for such kinds of hydrophobic agent.