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태안해안국립공원 바람아래 특별보호구역의 지형 및 염생식물 분포특성 연구
박정원(Jeongwon Park),서종철(Jongchul Seo),김진석(Jinseok Kim),오선관(Sunkwan Oh),박정원(Jungwon Park) 국립공원연구원 2013 국립공원연구지 Vol.4 No.1
본 연구는 바람아래 할미섬 특별보호구역의 자연해안 복원 연구를 위하여 현재의 해빈의 높이, 면적, 해안의 길이, 사구정상의 높이 등 정확한 지형의 현황을 분석하고 지형특성에 따른 사구·염생식물 분포를 분석하고자 하였다. 할미섬 지형의 최고높이는 17m이며 제일 낮은 높이는 평균 3m에서 5m로 섬 남단 만입에서 남동쪽 니질조간대 지역이다. 연구지역내 총 소산식물은 17목 23과 40속 49종 3변종 8외래종이 생육하고 있으며 곰솔군락, 갈참나무군락, 보리장나무군락, 아까시나무군락, 순비기나무군락 등 5개 목본군락과 띠군락, 갯그령군락, 갯잔디군락, 나문재군락, 왕잔디군락, 갯메꽃군락, 해홍나물군락, 천일사초군락, 갯쇠보리군락, 통보리사초군락 등 10개 염생·사구식물군락이 분포하고 있으며 갯그령-띠군락, 띠-갯메꽃군락, 띠-갯그령군락, 띠-은백양나무군락 등 4개의 혼합군락이 분포하고 있다. 식물의 공간적 분포 특성은 곰솔(Pt1), 갯그령(Em2,3,4), 갯잔디(Zs5)를 제외한 식생군락의 대부분이 10m2에서 500m2의 작은 패치형태를 띄고 있으며 높이는 평균 4m에서 6m 사이, 해안선으로부터 거리는 100m에서 150m 사이에 분포하고 잇는 것으로 분석되었다. This study was carried out to investigate the exact current status of the topography such as the present beach elevation and area, coastline and the height of the dune crest, with the analysis of the distribution of the sand dune·halophytes on geomorphic characteristics for the restoration of natural coast in the protection zone of Baramarye Halmi-island. Halmi-island has the maximum height of 17m and the lowest height of average 3m to 5m, which is the muddy tidal flat area located southeast of the embayment on the southern tip of the island. The total distribution of plants in the research sites are 17 orders, 23 families, 40 genus, 49 species and 8 exotic species: 5 arbors communities including Pinus thunbergii, Quercus aliena, Elaeagnus glabra, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Vitex rotundifolia etc., 10 halophytes and sand dune plants communities including Calystegia soldanella, Suaeda maritima, Carex scabrifolia, Ischaemum anthephoroides, Carex kobomugi etc and 4 mixed communities including Elymus mollis-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii-Calystegia soldanella, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii-Elymus mollis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii-Populus alba etc. The spatial distribution characteristics of plants are identified that the most plant community are distributed in the distance of between 100m to 150m from the coastline, with the small-scale patch structure of 10m2 to 500m2 and the height of average 4cm to 6cm except Pinus thunbergii (Pt1), Elymus mollis (Em2,3,4) and Zoysia sinica (Zs5).
The Effect of Common Features on Consumer Preference for a No-Choice Option
Jongchul Park,Kyungjin Kim 한국마케팅과학회 2010 마케팅과학연구 Vol.20 No.1
This study researches the effects of common features on a no-choice option with respect to regulatOly focus theorY- The primaty interest is in three factors and their intelTelationship: common features, no-choice option, and regulatory focus. Prior studies have compiled vast body of research in these areas. First, the "common features effect" has been observed by many noted marketing researchers. Tversky (1972) proposed the seminal theOly, the EBA model: elimination by aspect. According to this theOly, consumers are prone to focus only on unique features during comparison processing, thereby dismissing any common features as redundant information. Recently, however, more provocative ideas have attacked the EBA model by asserting that common features really do affcct consumer judgment. Chernev (1997) first repotied that adding common features mitigates the choice gap because of thc increasing perception of similarity among altematives. Later, however, Chemev (200I) published a clitically developed study against his plior perspective with the proposition that common features may be a cognitive load to consumers, and thus consumers are possible that they are prone to prefer the heuristic processing to the systematic processing. This tends to bring one question to the forefront: Do "common features" affect consumer choice? If so, what are the concrete effects? This study tries to answer the question with respect to the "no-choice" option and regulatory focus. Second, some researchers hold that the no-choice option is another best altemative of consumers, who are likely to avoid having to choose in the context of knotty trade-off settings or mental conflicts. Hope for the future also may increase the no-choice option in the context of optimism or the expectancy of a more satisfactory altemative appearing later. Other issues reported in this domain are time pressure, consumer confidence, and altemative numbers (Dhar and Nowlis 1999;Lin and Wu 2005; Zakay and Tsal 1993). This study casts the no-choice option in yet another perspective: the interactive effects between common features and regulatory focus. third, "regulatOlY focus theory" is a velY popular theme in recent marketing research. It suggests that consumers have two focal goals facing each other: promotion vs. prevention. A promotion focus deals with the concepts of hope, inspiration,achievement, or gain, whereas prevention focus involves duty, responsibility, safety, or loss-aversion. Thus, while consumers with a promotion focus tend to take risks for gain, the same does not hold true for a prevention focus. Regulatory focus theOly predicts consumers' emotions, creativity, attitudes, memory, perfonnance, and judgment, as documented in a vast field of marketing and psychology articles. The perspective of the Cultent study in exploring consumer choice and common features is a somewhat creative viewpoint in the area of regulatory focus. These reviews inspire this Stlldy of the interaction possibility between regulatOly focus and common features with a no-choice option. Specifically, adding common features ratherthan omitting them may increase the no-choice option ratio in the choice setting only to prevention-focused consumers, but vice versa to promotion-focused consumers. The reasoning is that when prevention-focused consumers come in contact with common features, they may perceive higher similarity among the altematives. This conflict among similar options would increase the no-choice ratio. Promotion-focused consumers however, are possible that they perceive common features as ~ cue of confim1ation bias. And thus their confirmation processing would make their prior preference more robust, then the no-choice ratio may shrink. This logic is verified in two experiments.
Park, Sung-Hae,Song, In Young,Lim, Jongchul,Kwon, Young Soo,Choi, Jongmin,Song, Seulki,Lee, Jae-Ryung,Park, Taiho The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Energy & environmental science Vol.6 No.5
<P>A series of liquid junction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) was fabricated based on polymer membrane-encapsulated dye-sensitized TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles, prepared using a surface-induced cross-linking polymerization reaction, to investigate the dependence of the solar cell performance on the encapsulating membrane layer thickness. The ion conductivity decreased as the membrane thickness increased; however, the long term-stability of the devices improved with increasing membrane thickness. Nanoparticles encapsulated in a thick membrane (<I>ca.</I> 37 nm), obtained using a 90 min polymerization time, exhibited excellent pore filling among TiO<SUB>2</SUB> particles. This nanoparticle layer was used to fabricate a thin-layered, quasi-solid state DSC. The thick membrane prevented short-circuit paths from forming between the counter and the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> electrode, thereby reducing the minimum necessary electrode separation distance. The quasi-solid state DSC yielded a high power conversion efficiency (7.6 → 8.1%) and excellent stability during heating at 65 °C over 30 days. These performance characteristics were superior to those obtained from a conventional DSC (7.5 → 3.5%) prepared using a TiO<SUB>2</SUB> active layer with the same thickness. The reduced electrode separation distance shortened the charge transport pathways, which compensated for the reduced ion conductivity in the polymer gel electrolyte. Excellent pore filling on the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> particles minimized the exposure of the dye to the liquid and reduced dye detachment.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The multifuntional network polymer membrane electrolyte for a thin layered device provides short charge transport pathways, better performances, and excellent long-term stability. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c3ee24496b'> </P>