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Protection and the Optimal Tariff
Jones, Ronald W. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1989 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.4 No.1
A simple diagrammatic device, featuring the foreign offer curve and several alternative home income-consumption loci, is presented to illustrate those cases in which the Metzler tariff paradox may arise. In this paradoxical outcome, a tariff lowers the relative domestic price of importables. It is shown that the imposition of an optimal tariff may lead to such an outcome, even though the existence of an optimal tariff is often cited as a condition sufficient to rule out various paradoxes in trade theory, including the Metzler tariff paradox.
Fuzzy-PID Controller Applied to a Refrigeration System
JONES ERNI SCHMITZ,FLAVIO VASCONCELOS DA SILVA,ANA MARIA FRATTINI FILETI,LINCOLN CAMARGO NEVES FILHO,VIVALDO SILVEIRA JÚNIOR§ 대한설비공학회 2012 International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.20 No.2
A refrigeration system exhibits a dynamic behavior on which the variables are interdependent and subjected to oscillation, hence, implicating necessity of changes on operating conditions and undesirable energy expenses. These characteristics ratify the importance of adequate dimensioning and equipment selection to ¯nd pre-de¯ned operating conditions such as, the maximum cooling capacity and the evaporating and condensing temperatures. The application of fuzzy control in industrial processes is growing fast in the last decades, mainly in processes whose ¯rst principle models require complex methods to be simulated. In these cases, the fuzzy controllers'capacity of acting correctly based only on expert knowledge and on the capacity of inter-relating all the variables of the process are attractive features. This work presents the experimental development and evaluation of fuzzy-PID controllers for the maintenance of the evaporating temperature in a chiller. The system was submitted to load and set-point disturbances accomplishing an analysis based upon error parameters and transient response. The results showed that fuzzy controllers were adapted satisfactorily.
Energetic Nonthermal Particles ('Cosmic-Rays') & Their Acceleration in Collisionless Plasmas
JONES T. W. The Korean Astronomical Society 2001 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.34 No.4
Rarefied cosmic plasmas generally do not achieve thermodynamic equilibria, and a natural consequence of this is the presence of a significant population of charged particles with energies well above those of the bulk population. These are exemplified by the galactic cosmic rays, but the importance of these high energy populations extends well beyond that context. I review here some of the basic issues associated with the propagation and acceleration of cosmic rays, especially in the context of collisionless plasma shocks.