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Kim, Minhee,Li, Loretta Y.,Gorgy, Tamer,Grace, John R. Elsevier 2017 Environmental pollution Vol.220 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are still present in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soil, even though commercial PBDEs were prohibited or voluntarily phased out several years ago. In this study, levels and compositional profiles of seven major PBDE congeners in sludge are assessed in relation to their usage patterns in commercial products, and years of being banned and phased out in North America, Europe, and Asia. Annual accumulations and future long-term changes of PBDE in sludge-amended soil are estimated. BDE-209 has the highest concentration, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. The highest concentrations, up to 23,500 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP>, of PBDEs in sludge were found in North America until 2004–2007, whereas since then sludge PBDE concentrations, up to 6600 ng g<SUP>−1</SUP> have been higher in Asia than on the other two continents. The amount of sludge applied and the soil organic matter content play important roles in determining PBDE concentrations in sludge-amended soil. The estimated concentrations of BDE-47, -99, and -209 in soils receiving sludge applications during the past 15 years are 40–300 times higher than in soils after the initial sludge application. The accumulated concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 are expected to decrease by 99% between 2016 and 2100, whereas the decrease in the BDE-209 concentration is predicted to be approximately 87%.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PBDE levels in sludge were highest in North America until 2004-2007. </LI> <LI> Since 2007, PBDE concentrations in sludge have been highest in Asia. </LI> <LI> BDE-209 has the highest concentration in sludge, followed by BDE-99 and -47. </LI> <LI> The concentration of BDE-209 in soil is predicted to decrease by 87% by 2100. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Hydrodynamic Transition from Fixed to Fully Fluidized Beds for Three - Phase Inverse Fluidization
Lee, Dong Hyun,Epstein, Norman,Grace, John R . 한국화학공학회 2000 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.17 No.6
Hydrodynamic transition experiments, involving both visual observations and pressure measurements, were performed using a 127-mm diameter Plexiglas column for three-phase inverse fluidized beds of 5.8-mm polyethylene spheres. Observations of interest not hitherto reported include: (1) A marked hysteresis effect (even when starting from a loose-packed condition) between inverse fluidization and defluidization which disappears when a wetting agent is added to the downflowing water. (2) An initially abrupt decrease of the minimum fluidization voidage, ε_(mf) followed by a gradual rise of ε_(mf) with increasing superficial gas velocity, U_g. (3) Lower values of ε_(mf) for three-phase systems than for the corresponding two-phase (liquid-solid) fluidized beds because local agitation by the gas bubbles causes bed compaction near the minimum liquid fluidization velocity, U_(lmf) (4) U_(lmf) vs. U_g curves which, though they always show U_(lmf) decreasing as U_g increases, sometimes display concave-downward, sometimes concaveupward and sometimes S-shaped behavior.
Arian Ebneyamini,Jun Young Kim,Zezhong John Li,John R. Grace,C. Jim Lim,Naoko Ellis 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.87 No.-
This paper investigates the equilibrium performance of CaO hydration and CaCO3/Ca(OH)2 co-calcinationin calcium-looping processes. A novel lime hydration configuration is proposed, introducing saturatedsteam as the reactivating reagent and direct-heat-removal medium. The proposed hydrator generates asubstantial amount of superheated steam, used elsewhere as required. The slaked lime and limestone arecalcined simultaneously in a methane-concentrated oxy-fuel calciner. The equilibrium performance ofthe co-calciner is studied at different reactor temperatures, operating pressures, solid/gas feed ratios andfeed compositions. A correlation is proposed which estimates the required gaseous feed composition forautothermal, coke-free and complete sorbent regeneration using this novel technology.
Novel non-alloy Ru/Pd composite membrane fabricated by electroless plating for hydrogen separation
Ryi, Shin-Kun,Li, Anwu,Lim, C. Jim,Grace, John R. Elsevier 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY - Vol.36 No.15
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study presents a new non-alloy Ru/Pd composite membrane fabricated by electroless plating for hydrogen separation. It shows that palladium and ruthenium can be deposited on an aluminum-oxide-modified porous Hastalloy by using our new EDTA-free plating bath at room temperature and 358 K, respectively. A 6.8 μm thick non-alloy Ru/Pd membrane film could be plated and helium leak test confirmed that the membrane was free of defects. Hydrogen permeation test showed that the membrane had a hydrogen permeation flux of 4.5 × 10<SUP>−1</SUP> mol m<SUP>−2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> at a temperature of 773 K and a pressure difference of 100 kPa. The hydrogen permeability normalized value with thickness of the membrane was 1.4 times higher than our pure Pd membrane having similar structure. The EDX profiles of the front and back side membrane, cross-sectional EDX line scanning and XRD profile show that there was no alloying progress between the palladium and ruthenium layer after hydrogen permeation test at 773 K.</P>
Ryi, Shin-Kun,Xu, Nong,Li, Anwu,Lim, C. Jim,Grace, John R. Elsevier 2010 International journal of hydrogen energy Vol.35 No.6
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>This study demonstrates palladium membranes can be electrolessly plated on aluminum oxide-modified porous Hastelloy with hydrazine using an EDTA-free bath. The plating bath temperature affected the membrane surface morphology, with the palladium grain size increasing with increasing temperature. A 7.5μm thick membrane plating was obtained at room temperature. Helium leak testing confirmed that the membrane was free of defects. Hydrogen permeation test showed that the membrane had a hydrogen permeation flux of 3.3×10<SUP>−1</SUP>molm<SUP>−2</SUP>s<SUP>−1</SUP> at a temperature of 823K and at a pressure difference of 100kPa. There was no measurable interdiffusion between the membrane film and the porous Hastalloy substrate at 823K. This room temperature membrane plating method provides several advantages such as very high selectivity, stability, favorable energy efficiency and simplicity.</P>