유학 전통 중의 ‘이성주의(理性主義)’를 논함 - 지언(知言)을 중심으로 -

허가성 ( Xu Jiaxing ) 퇴계학연구원 2019 退溪學報 Vol.145 No.-

유학은 통상 性理 분석을 중시하지 않고 돈오를 直覺하기를 좋아한다고 여겨지며, 심지어는 ‘신비주의’로 흐르기도 한다. 하지만 유학은 실로 이성주의적 측면을 지니고 있다. ‘知言’은 곧 실천을 중심으로 하는 유학의 이성주의를 전형적으로 체현한 것이다. 공자의 知言은 知人을 지향하고 修身治國을 목적으로 하여, 지언의 세 층차의 의의, 즉 知言의 이성, 실천, 경계의 의의를 체현하였다. 맹자의 知言은 심신을 수양하는 독보의 경지이며, 또 “正人心, 息邪說, 放淫辭[人心을 바르게 하여 邪說을 종식키기고 淫辭를 추방한다]”의 비판 무기로 사용하였다. 송명 이학은 본체, 공부 그리고 효험에 입각하여 다층차로 ‘知言’ 觀을 풍부하게 하였다. 二程은 知言을 ‘知道’로 보았고 胡宏은 知言을 格物로 보았으며, 朱子는 선배들의 설을 종합하여 知言을 知道로 보고 또한 格物로도 보아, 養氣와의 비교 중 知言 공부의 우선지위를 부각 시켰으며, 지언 공부가 결핍되었다는 것을 이유로 象山을 告子로 간주하였다. 象山은 주자가 告子의 義外의 학문을 한다고 반박하고, 知言은 맹자의 정신을 대표하기에 족하다고 하였다. 王船山 역시 知言과 養氣의 비교시야 중, 효험의 각도에서 知言은 ‘오직 공자만이 할 수 있다[惟孔子能之]’ 라는 극도의 평가를 주었다. 黃宗羲는 “지언과 양기는 하나[知言養氣爲一]”이되 養氣를 우선으로 하는 견해를 제출하여, 心學의 기본 공통 인식을 대표하였다. 知言과 養氣는 儒學의 내외 양면을 나누어 가리키며, 유학계통 중에서 동등한 위치를 차지한다. 知言은 儒學의 이론구조를 선명하게 체현하고 아울러 시종 儒學의 생활 실천 중에 뿌리를 내렸다. 이론언설을 중시하는 당대 사상어의 境界에서 마땅히 전통유학의 知言 성취를 노력하여 흡수하고, 신시대 유학의 知言 계통을 구축하여 그 주춧돌을 다져야 할 것이다. Confucianism is usually regarded as a thinking system which pays more attention on intuitive insight rather than rational analysis, so it even being regarded as "mysticism". However, Confucianism actually has its rational aspect―― "knowing words" typically embodies its rational spirit centered on practice. Confucius' ideas of knowing words points to understanding people ,cultivating oneself ,governing the country, which reflect its three dimensions of rationality, practice and state. Mencius'"knowing words" is not only his unique state of cultivating his body and mind, but also a critical weapon for "rectifying human mind, extinguishing heresy and wiping out inappropriate words". Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasty enriched the concept of "knowing words" from the aspects of ontology, effort and effect. Cheng hao&Cheng yi take “knowing words” as "knowing the Dao". Hu Hong regards it as investigating things, Zhu Zi adopts both their ideas, and highlighting the priority of knowing words in comparison with cultivating Qi, Judging Lu Xiangshan as Gaozi according to his lack of knowing words effort. Xiangshan advocates that knowing words fully represent s Mencius' spirit, and refutes Zhu Zi's Learning as Gao zi’s outside justice learning. Wang Chuanshan highly apprised "Confucius " as the only person could achieving knowing words also from the comparison of knowing words and cultivating Qi. Huang Zongxi put forward the idea that knowing words and cultivating Qi " being one and putting cultivating Qi on the priority, which represents the basic consensus of the school of mind. Knowing words and cultivating Qi refer to both internal and external aspects of Confucianism. Knowing speech clearly reflects the theoretical construction of Confucianism which always roots in the life practice . In the contemporary ideological context giving attention to theoretical speech, we should try to absorb the achievements of traditional Confucianism's knowing words, so as to construct a new system of Confucianism's knowing words.

Erythritol production by Yarrowia lipolytica mutant strain M53 generated through atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis

Xiaoyan Liu,Jinshun Lv,Jiaxing Xu,Jun Xia,Benlin Dai,Xiangqian Xu,Jiming Xu 한국식품과학회 2017 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.26 No.4

Mutants of Yarrowia lipolytica with high erythritol production were generated through an atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutation system. Among these mutants, Y. lipolytica M53 exhibited the highest erythritol yield. In a batch culture, M53 produced 64.8 g/L erythritol from 100 g/L glycerol. The yields of byproducts (e.g. mannitol, arabitol, and a-ketoglutaric acid) were low, and the mechanisms underlying these changes were examined by measuring enzyme activities in the pentose phosphate pathway. Up to 145.2 g/L erythritol was produced by M53 from 200 g/L of glycerol, and erythritol accumulation was promoted by 3.7 mg/L of Cu2?, 10.15 mg/L of Mn2?, and 30.37 g/L of NaCl. Fed-batch cultivation of M53 in a 5-L fermentor produced 169.3 g/L erythritol with low levels of byproducts within 168 h. This finding confirmed the potential of M53 as an erythritol producer on a commercial scale.

A Point Clouds Fast Thinning Algorithm Based on Sample Point Spatial Neighborhood

Jiaxing Wei,Maolin Xu,Hongling Xiu 한국정보처리학회 2020 Journal of information processing systems Vol.16 No.3

Point clouds have ability to express the spatial entities, however, the point clouds redundancy always involvessome uncertainties in computer recognition and model construction. Therefore, point clouds thinning is an indispensablestep in point clouds model reconstruction and other applications. To overcome the shortcomingsof complex classification index and long time consuming in existing point clouds thinning algorithms, thispaper proposes a point clouds fast thinning algorithm. Specifically, the two-dimensional index is established inplane linear array (x, y) for the scanned point clouds, and the thresholds of adjacent point distance differenceand height difference are employed to further delete or retain the selected sample point. Sequentially, the indexof sample point is traversed forwardly and backwardly until the process of point clouds thinning is completed. The results suggest that the proposed new algorithm can be applied to different targets when the thresholds arebuilt in advance. Besides, the new method also performs superiority in time consuming, modelling accuracyand feature retention by comparing with octree thinning algorithm.

Theoretical modelling and simulation analysis of the thermal performance of a steel-basalt fiber polymer concrete machine tool joint surface

Jiaxing Shen,Zihao Pan,Ping Xu,Yinghua Yu 대한기계학회 2022 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.36 No.7

The thermal performance of a steel-basalt fiber polymer concrete machine tool joint surface has a key influence on a machine tool. Based on virtual material theory, the equivalent thermal model was established and the thermal performance parameters of virtual materials were deduced by theoretical calculation. The calculation method of actual contact area ratio of steel - basalt fiber polymer concrete joint surface was established based on discrete principle and its accuracy was verified. To determine the influence of preload pressure on the actual contact area ratio, a prediction model was established. The thermal conductivity of the material was measured by the quasi-steady state method. A new systematic simulation analysis method that synthesizes virtual material theory and finite element simulation analysis was proposed, and its accuracy was verified. The results show that the relative error is only 5.01 %, which proves the method’s effectiveness.

Research on the Basic Rodrigues Rotation in the Conversion of Point Clouds Coordinate System

Maolin Xu,Jiaxing Wei,Hongling Xiu 한국정보처리학회 2020 Journal of information processing systems Vol.16 No.1

In order to solve the problem of point clouds coordinate conversion of non-directional scanners, this paperproposes a basic Rodrigues rotation method. Specifically, we convert the 6 degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) rotationand translation matrix into the uniaxial rotation matrix, and establish the equation of objective vector conversionbased on the basic Rodrigues rotation scheme. We demonstrate the applicability of the new method by using abar-shaped emboss point clouds as experimental input, the three-axis error and three-term error as validateindicators. The results suggest that the new method does not need linearization and is suitable for optionalrotation angle. Meanwhile, the new method achieves the seamless splicing of point clouds. Furthermore, thecoordinate conversion scheme proposed in this paper performs superiority by comparing with the iterativeclosest point (ICP) conversion method. Therefore, the basic Rodrigues rotation method is not only regarded asa suitable tool to achieve the conversion of point clouds, but also provides certain reference and guidance forsimilar projects.

Effect of MgO on migration and distribution of chromium in stainless-steel slag glass–ceramics and glass properties

Zhifang Tong,Congcong Xu,Jiaxing Wang,Zhiheng Jia 한양대학교 청정에너지연구소 2023 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.24 No.1

Herein, stainless-steel slag was used to prepare glass–ceramics. The effects of the MgO content on the occurrence, distributionstate, and migration behavior of Cr in glass–ceramics as well as glass properties were systematically studied. Results revealedthat in the nucleation stage, the number of Cr-spinel (Cr spinel) nanocrystals initially increased and then decreased with theincreasing MgO content. In the crystallization stage, the diopside crystal phase considered Cr-spinel nanocrystals asheterogeneous nuclei, which gradually nucleated and grew. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy analyses showed that part of Cr in the spinel migrated into the diopside lattice and some other parts remainedin the Cr spinel wrapped by the diopside. Cr in the glass phase also diffused and migrated into the diopside lattice with theformation of diopside crystals. When the MgO content was 12.3 wt.%, 97.33 wt.% of the total amount of Cr was observedin the diopside crystal phase and the leaching concentration of Cr in the glass–ceramics was only 0.006 mg/L. The compressivestrength of the glass–ceramics was 261.7 MPa, and the Vickers hardness was 1007.7 HV. The research results providetheoretical and technical support for strengthening Cr fixation and realizing harmless and high-value utilization of stainlesssteelslag.

Efficient hydrolysis of cellulose over a magnetic lignin-derived solid acid catalyst in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Lei Hu,Zhen Wu,Jiaxing Xu,Shouyong Zhou,Guodong Tang 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.4

A green and efficient strategy for the hydrolysis of cellulose was developed by using a magnetic lignin-derived solid acid catalyst (MLC-SO3H) in the presence of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). The results indicated that reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading and water content have a big influence on the yield of total reducing sugars (TRS). By optimizing these reaction parameters, 69.3% TRS yield was observed at 140 oC for 150 min with the addition of 40 wt% MLC-SO3H and 1 wt% water. More importantly, MLC-SO3H could be easily separated from the reaction mixture with an external magnet and could be repeatedly used five times without an obvious loss of catalytic activity, demonstrating that it possessed excellent recyclability. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism involving three consecutive processes of dissolution, adsorption and catalysis for the hydrolysis of cellulose in [BMIM]Cl over a catalyst of MLC-SO3H was also proposed.

Selective transformation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran via catalytic transfer hydrogenation over magnetic zirconium hydroxides

Lei Hu,Mei Yang,Ning Xu,Jiaxing Xu,Shouyong Zhou,Xiao-Zhong Chu,Yijiang Zhao 한국화학공학회 2018 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.35 No.1

An economical and effective approach for the selective transformation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF) was developed by catalytic transfer hydrogenation over various magnetic zirconium hydroxides (MZHs). As expected, MZH with a moderate Zr/Fe molar ratio of 2 displayed the highest catalytic activity, resulting in 98.4% HMF conversion and 89.6% DHMF yield at 150 oC for 5 h in the presence of 2-butanol that simultaneously acted as the hydrogen donor and reaction solvent, which was ascribed to its appropriate specific surface area, pore size and acid-base content. Moreover, a plausible reaction mechanism for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of HMF into DHMF over MHZ(Zr/Fe=2) was also proposed, in which the basic hydroxyl groups with the aid of acidic zirconium metal centers were considered to be responsible for the pivotal hydride transfer via a six-membered ring structure.

Integration of hemicellulose pre-extraction and solid alkali-oxygen cooking processes for lignocellulose fractionation with emphasis on xylan valorization

Yetao Jiang,Xiaoyu Wang,Zhen Wu,Jiaxing Xu,Lei Hu,Lu Lin 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.4

Cooking with active oxygen and solid alkali (CAOSA) is a mild and environmentally friendly method for separation of lignin components. The degradation mechanism of hemicellulose associated with this method has been investigated. It was found that the hemicellulose-derived polysaccharides were directly oxidized rather than hydrolyzed to monosaccharides for degradation. To avoid the undesirable degradation of hemicellulose components by CAOSA, the idea of separating hemicellulose first in the form of xylan to produce xylooligosaccharide was presented by this study. Although hydrothermal autocatalysis has been commonly used in hemicellulose separation, the effects of acidenhanced hydrothermal method and alkali-suppressed hydrothermal method on hydrothermal autocatalysis were systematically compared for the first time, and it was found that the acid-enhanced method was beneficial for highly selective extraction of xylan. Then, the hemicellulose-removed bamboo was treated with CAOSA process to separate lignin from cellulose. It was found that solid alkali dosage of CAOSA could be evidently decreased for hemicelluloseremoved bamboo, which was helpful to reduce the cost of CAOSA. Coupling hemicellulose pre-extraction and CAOSA lignin fractionation strategy, a comprehensive biorefinery case for bamboo biomass could be anticipated.

Efficient Isolation and Characterization of a Cellulase Hyperproducing Mutant Strain of Trichoderma reesei

( Zongsheng Zou ),( Yunying Zhao ),( Tingzhou Zhang ),( Jiaxing Xu ),( Aiyong He ),( Yu Deng ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2018 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.28 No.9

A cellulase hyperproducing mutant strain, JNDY-13, was obtained using the ARTP mutation system and with Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 as the parent strain. Whole-genome sequencing of JNDY-13 confirmed that 105 of the 653 SNPs were point mutations, 336 mutations were deletions and 165 were insertions. Moreover, 99 mutations were insertions and duplications. Among all the mutations, the one that occurred in the galactokinase gene might be related to the production of cellulases in T. reesei JNDY-13. Moreover, the up-regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase genes in JNDY-13 might contribute to higher cellulases production. Under optimal conditions, the highest cellulase activity by batch fermentation reached 4.35 U/ml, and the highest activity of fed-batch fermentation achieved was 5.40 U/ml.